Echinoderms liphoofolo tse: tlhaloso, lebitso, photo photo photo photo

Echinoderms - e mosa ea liphoofolo. Ba ke ke ba bapisoa ka sebopeho ho mefuta e meng. Ponahalo ea a phoofolo a tšoana le lipalesa, e le naleli, le likomkomere, bolo, joalo-joalo N..

History ea thuto

Bagerike ba boholo-holo ba fa lebitso "echinoderms." Baemeli ba mofuta ona ba nako e telele bile thahasella motho. historing ea thuto e amanang le, ka ho khetheha, ka mabitso a Aristotle le Pliny; le ka ho la bo18 la lilemo le mathoasong a lekholo la bo19 la lilemo ba ne ba ithuta ka ho tse ngata bo-rasaense ba tsebahalang (Lamarck, Linnaeus, Klein, Cuvier). Leha ho le joalo, zoologists ho fetisisa ka nako leha e le efe correlated le coelenterates, kapa liboko. I. I. Mechnikov, e Russia rasaense, ka fumana hore ba na le kamano le kishechnozhabernymi. Swordsmen ile a bontša hore lintho tse tsena e amana le baemeli ba ka tsela e tšoanang chordates.

The tse fapa-fapaneng echinoderms

Mehleng ea rōna, e ile ea fumana hore ho echinoderms - liphoofolo hore e matleng a hae le sehlopha sa tsa invertebrates fetisisa haholo hlophisitse - ho deuterostome. Ba hlaha ka Earth lilemo tse fetang limilione tse 520 tse fetileng. Mesaletsa ea echinoderms li fumanoa sediments bao e leng ea Cambrian pele. mofuta ona wa e kenyelletsa ka le 5000 mefuta.

Echinoderms - liphoofolo tse leoatle, ka tlaase, tseo boholo ba tsona ke lintho tse mahala-phelang. Ka tlase ho tloaelehile hore batho ba khomaretse ka tlase ho sebelisa bakoang khethehileng. Litopo tsa lintho tse phelang tse ngata li teng ka 5-mahlaseli, empa palo ea bona ka ho ba bang ba liphoofolo tse ling. E o tsejoa hore baholo-holo echinoderm ne omimvo setshwani, e leng matsatsing ana rua mahala-ho sesa larvae.

sebopeho hare

Baemedi ba echinoderms ka subcutaneous lera connective develops masapo entsoe ka lipoleiti calcareous le linale, meutloa, joalo-joalo N. Ka holim'a 'mele. Joaloka chordates, likokoana tsena mahareng mohohlo mmeleng Ho thehoa ke karohano ea mala mekotla mesoderm. Gastropor nakong ntshetsopeleng bona overgrown kapa fetoloa haha ka. Tabeng ena, ea molomo oa larvae thehoa bocha.

Echinoderms liphoofolo tse nang le tsamaiso e potoloha ha mali. Leha ho le joalo inhalation ba ntshetswa pele fokolang haholo kapa ho sa pheleng. Hoa hlokahala ho ka bokhutšoanyane hlalosa lipontšo tse ling tsa echinoderms. Ka liphoofolo tsena, ho na le ha ho na litho tsa ka hare e khethehileng ea excretion. Ho ena le hoo khale tsamaiso ea methapo ea lintho tse re thahasella. Ho e teng karolo e 'ngoe ka epidermis kapa epithelium invaginates ka hare tsa' mele.

sebopeho Link

makgetheng Echinoderms tlameha ho eketswa ke litšobotsi tsa mohaho Link tsa lintho tse phelang tsena. The epithelium ka ntle la karolo e khōlō ea echinoderms (leoatle likomkomere mokhelo) e na le cilia eo bopa jwale ya metsi. Ba na le boikarabelo ba fa lijo, phapanyetsano khase le tlhoekiso ea 'mele ho tloha seretseng. The likoahelo tsa echinoderms na le tse fapa-fapaneng ke kankere (bakang phatsima le chefo), 'me ka mebala, tse fa' mala o babatsehang oa ho liphoofolo tsena.

likarolo ya marapo ka starfish - calcareous lipoleiti, tse lokisetsa ka mela longitudinal, hangata le spines, e ikhethang ka ntle. 'mele oa leoatle urchin ea e sirelelitsoe ke khetla calcareous. Ho e na le letoto la lipoleiti, ka thata-thata ya kokangana, le linale telele, a lutse ho tsona. Leoatleng likomkomere ke calcareous 'mele, tse hasa-hasaneng ka letlalo bona. Masapo tsa lintho tse phelang tsena ka hlahang ho yona tse ruuoang.

Musculature le tsamaiso ambulacral

Musculature ea liphoofolo tsena hlahiswa hlobolisa mesifa le mesifa motho. O ile a qapa hantle haholo, ho fihlela moo e etsoang ka mechine e 'ngoe kapa phoofolo e' ngoe. Ka mefuta e bongata ba echinoderms oona tsamaisong ambulacral sebeletsa ho tšoara, mokhatlo oa, 'me ba bang ba urchins leoatle le likhahla leoatle etselitsoeng ho hema. likokoana tsena tse arohaneng, ba bone tsoelo-pele ea le phetoho e sa senakangoeli e.

tlhophiso ea echinoderms

Ho na le 5 litlelase tsa echinoderms: brittle, starfish, urchins leoatle, likhahla leoatle le Holothurians. Mofuta e arotsoe subtypes tse peli: ho fallela ka bolokolohi echinoderms hlahiswa linaleli brittle, holothurians, urchins leoatle le starfish, 'me le diphuthelwana - likhahla leoatle, hammoho le ba bang ba litlelase timele. E o tsejoa ka mefuta e likete tse tšeletseng morao-rao, 'me le tsona ka makhetlo a mabeli le ba bangata ba timele. echinoderms tsohle ke liphoofolo tse phelang metsing hore phela feela ka metsi a letsoai.

starfish

Ka ho fetisisa tummeng moemeli oa mofuta re na le thahasello ka ho ke starfish (photo photo photo photo ea mong oa bona fana ka ka holimo). liphoofolo tsena e matleng a hae ho Asteroidea sehlopha sa. Starfish ha ka phoso fumana lebitso la bona. Foromo ea eona, ba bangata ba bona ba li hlano nchocho naleli kapa khutlotlhano. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le mefuta e, palo ea mahlaseli eo fihle mashome a mahlano.

Sheba seo e 'mele thahasellisang na le starfish, e hlahisa lifoto ka holimo! Ha e felisoa, ho ka bonoa hore underside oa libalaka ba mela e maoto nyane tubular le fire senoelo ka bofelo. Liphoofolo, li amang, hahaba ka leoatle le, hammoho le ho hloa bokaholimo paatsepama.

echinoderms kaofela ba na le matla a ho nchafatso ka potlako. Starfish mong le toloki, e neng e arohane le 'mele, ke ee solofetsang. Kapele-pele a regenerates, 'me' mele o motjha fihla e tsoa ho eona. starfish fetisisa fepa ka mesaletsa ea taba manyolo. Ba fumana fatše. lijo tsa bona e boetse e akarelletsa 'mele ea litlhapi le dimelametsing. Leha ho le joalo, litho tse ling tsa starfish - likoeteng hore hlasela mahlatsipa bona (e tsitsitseng invertebrates). Ka mor'a ho hula khase e fumanoa, liphoofolo tsena li lahleloa mpeng ea hae ka ntle. Kahoo, tshilo ya dijo ea ba bang starfish e jang nama phethahatsoa. Mahlaseli a liphoofolo tsena ba le mesifa e matla haholo. Ho lumella hore ba habonolo bula clam leqhama. Starfish ka le silakanya ho teba ha ho hlokahala.

The tummeng ka ho fetisisa har'a liphoofolo tse hlaha ke Acanthasterplanci - moqhaka oa meutloa. Sena ke le sera sa ho mpe ka ho fetisisa ea mepopotlo metsing likorale. Ho na le hoo e ka bang mefuta 1500 ka sehlopha sena (mofuta echinoderms).

Starfish ka ikatisa bobeli ka ho kopanela liphate le asexually joalo (nchafatso). Boholo ba liphoofolo tsena - phelang dioecious. Peō ba li entseng ka metsing. mele develops ka phetoho e kholo. Ba bang ba linaleli leoatle phelela lilemo tse 30.

Zmeehvostki (brittle)

liphoofolo tsena li tšoana haholo le linaleli: ba libalaka tšesaane le e telele. Ka linaleli brittle (mofuta oa echinoderms) e amanang le sebete se appendages, ho haha le hindgut. Ke tsela ea bophelo, ba boetse ho na le tse tšoanang le starfish. liphoofolo tsena tse dioecious, empa ba ka khona ho bobeli nchafatso le ho diplobiont. Mefuta e meng ke liforomo luminous.

zmeehvostok 'mele (brittle) o fana ka disk a bataletseng bao bophara e 10 cm. From ho tloha 5 kapa a 10 segmented telele libalaka mosesaane. Liphoofolo sebediswa bakeng sa mokhatlo oa mahlaseli curving le eo khasa hammoho leoatle le. likokoana tsena lula jerks. Ba hula ka pele ho lipara lona tse peli tsa "matsoho" ebe ka tšohanyetso a phuthilweng ba khutla. Zmeehvostki fepa ka detritus le liphoofolo tse nyenyane. linaleli brittle phela ka leoatle, liponche, likorale, urchins leoatle. Ho na le ka bang 2 likete mefuta e. liphoofolo tsena li tsejoa ho tswa Ordovician ena.

crinoids

Echinoderms ke liphoofolo tse fapa-fapaneng haholo. Mehlala crinoids hore hape ho matleng a mofuta ona, a fana ka holimo. likokoana tsena ke feela ka tlase. Ba phela bophelo bo sedentary. E lokela ho a hatisa hore likhahla leoatle - sena ha se e dimela, e leng liphoofolo tse, ho sa tsotellehe lebitso bona. 'Mele ea lintho tse tsena e na le sekotlolo sa, ho bakoang' me matsoho (brachiolar). Le matsoho a tlhotliloeng likaroloana lijo ho tswa ho metsi. mefuta e ho fetisisa morao-rao ke lokolohile-phaphametseng metsing le acaulescent.

Besstebelchatye likhahla li butle hahaba. Ba ile ba ka esita le ho sesa ka metsing. lijo tsa bona e na le liphoofolo tse nyenyane, plankton, litlhaka kahare dimelametsing. The palo ea mefuta e hakanyetsoa ho 6000, e leng hona joale bo emela ka tlaase ho 700. liphoofolo tse tsena li 'nile tsa tsebahala ho tloha Cambrian.

mefuta e ka bokhabane 'mala oa likhahla leoatle phela haholo-holo ka maoatle le maoatle ba subtropics ena. Di khomaretse beha dintho tse fapa-fapaneng ka tlas'a metsi. Ho lumeloa hore ena phoofolo le kotsing, empa ka Mesozoic le Paleozoic mehla, karolo ea bona ka metsi a maoatle 'me maoatle e ne e le khōlō haholo.

Leoatle likomkomere (leoatle likomkomere)

likokoana tsena li bitsoa ka tsela e fapaneng: leoatle likomkomere, capsules lehe kapa holothurians. Li emela sehlopheng sa invertebrates kang echinoderms. Ho na le maikutlo a hore motho o jang. Lebitso le tloaelehileng la likomkomere jeoang leoatle - "leoatle likomkomere". Trepang epilwe ka tekanyo e khōlō ka Bochabela bo Hōle. Ho boetse ho na chefo likomkomere leoatle. Tsena fumana lithethefatsi tse fapa-fapaneng (mohlala, goloturiin).

Jwale emeloang ke mefuta e ka bang 1.150 ea likomkomere leoatle. Baemeli ba bona ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 6. Silurian - nako, e kenyeletsang mesaletsa e moholo ea likomkomere leoatle.

likokoana tsena fapana echinoderms a mang, oblong, chitja kapa sebōkō-joaloka foromo, hammoho le phokotsong ea dermal lesapo, le taba ea hore ba na le Spikes ha e hlaheletseng. Molomong oa liphoofolo tsena e pota-potiloe ke aureole entsoeng ka tentacles. Ka thuso ea tsena leoatle likomkomere nkhape lijo. liphoofolo tsena tse ka tlaase, le hoja ka seoelo haholo, 'me ba phela ka silt (pelagic). Ba phela bophelo bo sedentary. Leoatle likomkomere fepa ka planktonic nyenyane kapa silt.

urchins leoatle

liphoofolo tsena phela ka tlase kapa haufi le tlase. 'Mele oa boholo ba bona ke hoo e ka bang chitja, le ke lehe-bopehileng. bophara ba sona ranges ho tloha cm, 3.2 ho 30. Ka ntle 'mele e koahetsoe le mela e Spikes ea lipoleiti calcareous kapa linale. Ka tloaelo ho, poleiti e fixedly amanang mong ho e mong, eaba ba etsa khetla (shell teteaneng). khetla ena ha a lumelle ho fetola sebopeho sa phoofolo. Kajeno, urchins leoatle, ho na le ka bang 940 mefuta e. Palo e khōlō ea mefuta e ne emetsweng Paleozoic. Hona joale, ho na le 6 litlelase, ha foqohe sa - 15.

E le hore ba fumane lijo, ka nako eo ba bang ba urchins leoatle sebelisoa ka lijo bafu dinama tse nyenyane tse (detritus), ha ba bang ba horutse ka majoe leoatle. Tabeng bobeli molomo phoofolo e nkile le khethehileng hlafunoang sethusathuto bitsoa Aristotelian lantern. Ka ponahalo e tšoana le go tirila. Mefuta e meng ea echinoderms (leoatle urchins) ka thuso ea e seng feela batla lijo, empa hape le ho ho fetoloa lefika ke cheka mekoti ho tsona.

Boleng ba urchins leoatle

liphoofolo tsena - foromo tsa bohlokoa tsa mehlodi ya tsa likokoana-hloko a leoatle. The ka mokhoa oa thekiso e thahasellisang haholo Roe tsa urchins leoatle. Japane le linaheng tse ling tsa sebakeng Asia-Pacific, ke sehlahisoa monate. Caviar liphoofolo tsena e na le dintho tse ngata biologically mafolofolo. Bo-rasaense ba lumela hore likarolo tse ka ho eona, e ka sebediswa ka bakeng sa kankere ka phekolo le prophylactic moemeli. Hape, ba ile ba etsa hore khatello e tloaelehile mali, e ile ea eketseha potency, outputted tswa radionuclides 'mele oa motho. E proven hore eketsa ja mahe le lijo ho hanyetsa mafu a tsoaetsanang, o thusa ho mafu a pampitšana tshilong ya dijo, ho fokotsa liphello tsa phekolo mahlaseli, ntlafatsa ho sebetsa ha litsoelesa thobalano le thyroid, tsamaiso pelo le methapo.

Fanoeng ka holimo, ha ho makatse hore leoatle urchin - leoatle echinoderm, eo fetoha sejana amohelehile. Ka mohlala, baahi ba Japanese selemo le selemo li jang ka bang 500 tsa boima ba lithane mahe a phoofolo a le sebōpeho se ba bona ba tlhaho, kapa e le additives ho lijana ka. Ka tsela eo, le ho sebelisa ha sehlahisoa lijo amanang bophelo haholo naheng ena, moo batho ba phela ka karolelano lilemo tse 89.

A sehloohong sena a, feela liphoofolo tse ka sehloohong echinoderms ne hlahiswa. mabitso a bona, ka tšepo o hopola. Lumellana, e phelang metsing ke motle haholo le e thahasellisang.