Dintho Gaseous: Mehlala le thepa

Kajeno re tseba ho ba teng ha dintho tse fetang limilione tse 3 fapaneng. 'Me palo ena e eketseha selemo le selemo, e le litsebi tsa metsoako maiketsetso le bo-rasaense ba bang liteko ka fumana metsoako e ncha etsoa kamehla le thepa leha e le efe e metle.

E le karolo ea lintho tse - ba baahi ba ea tlhaho ea ho tlhaho thehoa. Halofo e 'ngoe - maiketsetso le maiketsetso. Leha ho le joalo, ka lekhetlo la pele 'me tabeng ea bobeli, e leng karolo ea bohlokoa e na le gaseous taba, mehlala le lintho tse khethollang hore re nahana ka sehloohong sena.

Aggregate boemo dintho

Lilemong tsa bo-XVII ho ne ho tloaelehile ho nahana hore kaofela ha metsoako e tsebahalang ka teng liprofinseng tse tharo: tiileng, mokelikeli, gaseous dintho. Leha ho le joalo, e le ho etsa lipatlisiso ka ho phethahetseng ba lilemo tse mashome a ho qetela tšimong ea bolepi ba linaleli, ea fisiks, k'hemistri, sebaka ea baeloji 'me saense tse ling ba proven hore ho na le tsela e' ngoe. lero la mali ena.

ha e le eng? Sena ke likhase mokhoa o sa fellang kapa ka ho feletseng ionized. 'Me e fellang kateng le dintho tsena ka ho fetisisa bokahohleng ke boholo. Kahoo, ho ke ke ka mmuso lero la mali ke:

• interstellar taba;
• marang taba;
• le dikarolo e phahameng ea sepakapaka;
• Nebula;
• tse ngata tsa lipolanete;
• linaleli.

Kajeno, ka lebaka leo, re ka bolela hore ho na le tiileng, mokelikeli, gaseous le lero la mali. Ka tsela eo, e mong le e khase ka artificially fetoloa boemong boo, haeba taba ea ionization, ke hore, ho etsa ba retelehelang ka ions.

dintho Gaseous: Mehlala

Mehlala ea lintho tse e ka etsa hore e ngata. Mora likhase ba 'nile ba tsebileng ho tloha ho XVII la lilemo, ha Van Helmont, tlhaho, pele o ile a fumana carbon dioxide' me a qala ho hlahloba thepa ea eona. Ke tsela eo, lebitso la sehlopha sena sa metsoako hape a fana ka oona, hobane, ka pono ea hae, khase le - e le ntho e 'ngoe disordered, pherekano motseng, tse amanang le meea le ntho e' ngoe e sa bonahaleng, empa palpable. lebitso la ena ile a khomarela le Russia.

Ho ka etsahala ho go arologana dintho tsohle gaseous, mehlala nako etella pele e tla ba ho le bonolo. Ka mor'a hore tsohle, e koahela tsohle tse sa tšoaneng tse thata.

Ho ea ka ho hlophisoa tse hlaheletseng:

• e bonolo,
• rarahaneng limolek'hule.

Sehlopha sa pele se akarelletsa tseo tse entsoeng ka ho liathomo tšoanang ka efe kapa efe ya tse ngata tsa bona. Mohlala: oksijene - O _2, ozone - O ₃ H - H ₂ chloro - CL ₂ fluoro - F ₂ naetrojene - N _2, 'me ba bang.

Mokhahlelo oa bobeli lokela ho kenyeletsa metsoako joalo tse akarelletsang liathomo tse 'maloa. Sena se tla ba le khase e rarahaneng dintho. Mehlala e kenyeletsa:

• sulfide hydrogen - H ₂ S;
• chloride - HCL;
• methane e - CH _4;
• sebabole dioxide e - SO _2;
• sootho khase - NO _2;
• Freon - bapisa le ₂ CL _2;
• ammonia - NH ₃ le ba bang.

Classification ke tlhaho li etsahala dintho

Hape, hoa khoneha ho go arologana mefuta ya dintho gaseous bao e leng lefatše manyolo le inorganic. Ke ka tlhaho e le karolo ea liathomo e. likhase tse manyolo ke ena:

• pele baemeli ba tse hlano tsa hydrocarbons phelelang (methane e, ethane Propane, butane, pentane). The moralo kakaretso oa _C-n H _{2n + 2;}
• ethylene - C ₂ H _4;
• ethyne kapa acetylene - C ₂ H _2;
• methylamine - CH ₃ NH ₂ le ba bang.

Dihlopha tsa likhase inorganic kenyeletsa chloride, fluorine, ammonia, carbon monoxide, silane, tšeha khase, inert likhase kapa babatsehang, 'me ba bang.

tlhophiso e mong, e leng e ka tlas'a metsoako thuto.bafuputsi ba e thehiloe karohano ya likaroloana ka o tlang. E entsoe ka liathomo, ha dintho tsohle gaseous. Mehlala mehaho eo ho eona ho na le ions, limolek'hule, photons, dieleketerone, likaroloana Brownian, lero la mali, eo le eena e leng ba metsoako e le boemong bo joalo ba aggregation.

thepa ea likhase

Litšobotsi tse dintho tse boemong bona li fapane le tseo bakeng sa metsoako tiileng kapa mokelikeli. The ntho e ke hore thepa ya dintho gaseous khethehileng. likaroloana ba habonolo 'me ka potlako mobile, taba eohle e isotropic, ke hore, thepa ha ba laolwang ke tataiso ea mokhatlo oa ba le karolo ea mehaho e.

O ka kgetha ho bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa thepa ea meleng dintho gaseous, e leng tla khetholla ho tloha mefuta e meng eohle ea boteng ba taba.

1. Tsena ke metsoako e ke keng ea bonoa le leihlo, ho ikutloa ke litsela tloaelehileng ea batho. Ho utloisisa thepa le ho fumana motho ea khase ho khetheha, e thehiloeng tsohle tse 'nè tse ka hlalosa entsprechen bona: khatello, mocheso, palo ya ntho (mole) chelete.
2. Ho fapana le sephalli likhase ka lula e le sebaka sohle ntle le e setseng, e ntse e le felle feela ka ho boholo ba sejana kapa jareteng.
3. likhase tsohle kopanya habonolo le mong ho e mong, ao ho 'ona metsoako tsena na segokanyimmediamentsi sa sebolokigolo ea.
4. Ho na le ho feta khanya le le boima baemedi, kahoo le tlas'a tšusumetso ea matla a khoheli le nako ka 'na a bona karohano bona.
5. Diffusion - e mong oa thepa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa metsoako tsena. bokhoni ba ho phunyeletse ka lintho tse ling le ho Khotsofatsa hare bona, ho etsa ka tsela eo ka ho feletseng disordered mokhatlo oa ka hare sebopeho sa lona.
6. likhase Real motlakase hona joale ke ke ho etsoa, empa ha re bua ka lintho tse rarefied le ionized, ho conductivity eketseha sharply.
7. Mocheso le mogote conductivity ea likhase e tlaase le ho fapana ka mefuta e fapaneng.
8. eketseha e tiileng e qamathelang le khatello ea eketseha le mocheso.
9. Ho na le dikgetho tse peli interphase phetoho: mouoane - mokelikeli fetoha mouoane, sublimation - tiileng, ba eta ka mokelikeli fetoha gaseous.

A tšobotsi e khethehileng ea 'nete likhase mouoane hore pele tlas'a maemo a itseng a ka kena ka mohato mokelikeli kapa tiileng,' me e qetellang e se. E lokela ho ile a hlokomela bokhoni ba metsoako ka taba ea ho hanela deformation le ba mokelikeli.

Similar thepa ya dintho gaseous lumella ho sebelisa ha bona ho atile masimong a sa tšoaneng a saense le theknoloji, indasteri le moruo ea sechaba. Ho phaella moo, litšobotsi tse itseng tsa e mong le e ke moemeli ea sa tieo ka bomong. Re tšohlile ho tloaelehile hore batho feela litšobotsi tsohle tsa dibopeho sebele.

compressibility

Ha thempereichara e sa tšoaneng, hammoho le tlas'a tšusumetso ea likhase khatello ea ka a petetswa, eketsa segokanyipalo lona le fokotsa bophahamo ba modumo nkile. ba atolosa ka tlaase ka thempereichara e phahameng - a petetswa.

Tlas'a tšusumetso ea khatello ea hape fetoha. segokanyipalo la dintho le gaseous e eketsehileng 'me, ha ntlha ee e mahlonoko, e le hore bakeng sa e mong le e moemeli oa lona, a ka nka beha fetoheng molaong boemo e' ngoe ea aggregation.

Bo-rasaense ba mantlha ba tlatsetsa ntlafatsong ea khopolo ea likhase

batho ba joalo ba ka bitsoa haholo, hobane ho ithuta khase - tshebetso boima, le melato ea histori. A re ke re nahana ka batho ba tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa ba neng ba khona ho etsa hore li sibolotseng bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa.

1. Amedeo Avogadro ka 1811 entse sibolloa ka. Leha e le eng likhase, botlhokwa go feta, hore tlas'a maemo a tšoanang ka 'ngoe ea tsona e ne e ena e lekanang bophahamo ba modumo chelete ea ka palo ea limolek'hule. Ho na le ke balwa boleng hore o na le lebitso la mabitso le rasaense. Ho lekanang 6.03 * 10 ²³ limolek'hule 1 mole tsa khase ofe kapa ofe.
2. Fermi - a ne a bōpa thuto ea loketseng quantum khase.
3. Gay-Lussac, Boyle - mabitso a bo-rasaense ba ileng ba o ile a bōpa mong'a abel bakeng dipalelo ena.
4. Robert Boyle.
5. Dzhon Dalton.
6. Zhak Sharl le bo-rasaense ba bang ba bangata.

Sebopeho dintho gaseous

The tšobotsi ka sehloohong kahong ea lekhoakhoa kristale ea dintho e, ke hore nodes ka ka tsa liathomo tsa lona kapa limolek'hule tse kopantsoeng hammoho ka litlamo fokolang covalent. Hape joale matla a ya le van der Waals sebelisana, ha ho tluoa tabeng ea ions, dieleketerone le litsamaiso tse ling quantum.

Ka hona, mefuta e ka sehloohong ea ho haha dikeriting tsa khase, ho ke ho re:

• ea nyutlelie;
• limolek'hule.

Contact hare habonolo tsekolotsoeng, Leha ho le joalo, metsoako tsena u se ke ua ba le sebopeho sa khaotseng, le tlale kaofela tlhaloganya sebaka bophahamo ba modumo. Ena e boetse e hlalosa ho ba sieo ha conductivity ea motlakase 'me ke futsanehile mogote conductivity. Empa kwahelang molemo tse tsoang khase, hobane, ka lebaka la diffusion, ba ile ba ba khona ho phunyeletse ka-butle le ho lula e sa lefelloeng sebaka lesihla ka hare ho bona. Moea e sa ntse e feta, mocheso e bolokoa. Ena e ipapisitse tabeng ea ho sebelisa likhase le-butle ka aggregate merero ea kaho.

Simple dintho tsa likhase le

Seo ka sebopeho le sebopeho oa meea e matleng a sehlopha sena, re ba se a ntse a bontša ka holimo. Ba elang hore ba a qapa ea liathomo e tšoanang. Mehlala tse ngata, hobane karolo e itseng e khōlō ea bao e seng tšepe ho tloha tsamaiso eohle nako le nako tlas'a maemo a tlwaelehileng ho na le le boemong bo joalo ba aggregation. Mohlala:

• Tšoeu phosphorus - nngwe allotropic phetolo ya elements ea;
• naetrojene;
• oksijene;
• fluoro;
• chloro;
• tse kang helium;
• Neon;
• argon;
• krypton;
• xenon.

Limolek'hule tsa likhase tsena e ka ba ka bobeli mono- (likhase babatsehang), le polyhydric (ozone - O _3). Mofuta oa puisano - covalent bao e seng Polar, maemong a mangata, ke ba fokolang ka ho lekaneng, empa eseng kaofela. The kristale lekhoakhoa limolek'hule mofuta e lumellang dintho tsena ho feta habonolo ho tloha boemong ba e mong ho e mong. Kahoo, ho etsa mohlala, a iodine litareng e tlas'a maemo a tlwaelehileng - kristale Dark bopherese le benya metallic. Leha ho le joalo, ha halefile ho sublimate melangoana bopherese khase e khanyang - Ke _2.

Ke tsela eo, lintho tse bonahalang efe kapa efe, ho akarelletsa le tšepe, ka teng le boemong gaseous tlas'a maemo a itseng.

Rarahaneng gaseous komponeng mofuta

likhase tse joalo, ka ho hlakileng, batho ba bangata. tlhakantsuke tse sa tšoaneng tsa liathomo ka limolek'hule, ho kopantswe le litlamo covalent le le van der Waals ditshebeditsano, lumella ho hlahisa tse makholo baemeli ba tse sa tšoaneng tsa boemo nkoa ya aggregation.

Mehlala e leng lintho tse rarahaneng likhase ka 'na ba metsoako eohle e entsoeng ka likarolo tse peli kapa ho feta tse sa tšoaneng. Tsena li akarelletsa:

• Propane;
• butane;
• acetylene;
• ammonia;
• silane;
• phosphine;
• methane e;
• k'habone disulfide;
• dioxide e sebabole;
• sootho khase;
• freon;
• ethylene le tse ling.

The kristale lekhoakhoa limolek'hule mofuta. baemeli ba bangata ba habonolo qhibilihang ka har'a ka metsi ya ho theha acid e ka ho ngollana. Boholo ba dikgokelo tsena - karolo ea bohlokoa ea syntheses lik'hemik'hale atlehe ho indasteri e.

Methane e le homologues lona

Ka linako tse ling kakaretso lentsoe "khase" bolela liminerale tsa tlhaho, tse emelang kaofela sehlahisoa khase motsoako bogolosegolo tlhaho manyolo. Hore e na le dintho tse kang tsena:

• methane e;
• hlahisoang moo ethane;
• Propane;
• butane;
• ethylene;
• acetylene;
• pentane le ba bang.

Ho indasteri ke ba bohlokoa haholo, hobane e ke Propane-butane motsoako - ke khase ea tlhaho, moo batho ba lokisetsa lijo, e leng e sebelisoa e le matla le mocheso mohloli.

Ba bangata ba bona ba sebediswa bakeng sa tswakana tsa alcohols, aldehydes, acid le lintho tse ling tse phelang. Selemo le selemo tshebediso ya khase ea tlhaho e balwa ka tse libilione tsa limithara tse dikhubu, le ka ho loketseng.

Oksijene le carbon dioxide

Seo dintho likhase ka bitsoa ka ho fetisisa ho atile le tsebahalang esita le ho ea pele-graders? Karabo e totobetse - oksijene le carbon dioxide. Ka mor'a sena ba ameha ka ho toba e le phapanyetsano khase seo se etsahala ka libōpuoa tsohle tse phelang lefatšeng.

E o tsejoa hore ke oksijene ya bophelo ho ka etsahala, hobane ntle ho lona, ka teng feela mefuta e itseng ea libaktheria tse anaerobic. A carbon dioxide e - e hlokahalang sehlahisoa "lijo" tsa dimela tsohle, eo monya e ho kenya tshebetsong le tshebetso ya ho tala.

Ho tswa ho lik'hemik'hale maikutlo, 'me oksijene le carbon dioxide - dintho tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa syntheses ea metsoako. Pele ke oxidant matla, ea bobeli e ho fetisisa reductant.

halogens

Ke sehlopha se joalo sa metsoako eo liathomo - ka phatsa gaseous ntho pairwise amanang hammoho ka ka bao e seng Polar covalent tlamo e. Leha ho le joalo, hase bohle ba halogens - likhase. Ke bromo - ke mokelikeli tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, le iodo - habonolo sublimed tiileng. Fluoro le chloro - nang le chefo e kotsi ho bophelo bo botle ba phelang libōpuoa dintho tse oxidants matla, 'me ba sebediswa ho pharaletseng ka tswakana ena.