Cycloalkanes - e ... cycloalkanes: ho moralo o balletsweng, lik'hemik'hale 'meleng le thepa

Cycloalkanes - ke hydrocarbons, eo ka ho hlophisoa lona ba le sebopeho koetsoeng. A re hlahlobeng litšobotsi tsa metsoako tsena, tšimo ea bona ea ho kopo.

sehlopha sa Features

ke cycloalkanes eng? Moralo CnH2n sehlopha sa bontša hore ha a liathomo hydrogen. Boemo bona bo akarelletsa maemo a mabeli. Ho seng jwalo, sebopeho e lokela ho ba le kamano e habeli ka molek'hule e na le e ka ba ka sebopeho koetsoeng. Seo e le sebōpeho sa cycloalkanes na? Moralo ba tšoana le joalo bobeli, ke hore, ho ba teng ka molek'hule ea sebopeho koetsoeng. Ho ke sebopeho sa khethehileng tsa ho khetheha e etsa hore 'mele le lik'hemik'hale thepa ea sehlopha sena sa hydrocarbons.

Bakae fapaneng cycloalkane tšoana le ea ho hlophisoa C4H8? Ho fumana karabo ea potso ena, ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore ho hlahloba mefuta isomerism, eo ke bath ea cycloalkanes. The isomers tse peli le boleng tsa le ditirisanommogo sebopeho ka 'na ba le sebopeho cyclic: cyclobutane, methylcyclopropane. Joalo khetho e bitswang isomers tsa ketane lehlakoreng.

Kaha cyclo - sena isomers interclass tsa olefins unsaturated ka ho ela hloko mekhoa ea dintho, e entsoe ka tlamo e habeli. dibopeho tse peli e ka ba teng ka mokgwa latelang: butene-1 le butene-2. Arabela potso ka bokae cycloalkanes tse fapa-fapaneng ka 'na e-ba teng bakeng sa moralo o balletsweng e sisintsweng, ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore ho nahana ka cycloalkanes e seng feela, empa hape alkenes. Feela tabeng ena ho tla ba bonolo ho romela karabo nepahetse.

Ho joalo, cyclo - ke hydrocarbons, eo na le mefuta e bonyane tse pedi tsa isomerism.

nomenclature Features

Mabitso a itseng cyclic hydrocarbon sebopeho o fuoa ho latela ka botlalo le nomenclature machaba. Bakeng sa makalana a sebelisa nomoro k'habone ka balebeli ba potoloho le koetsoeng. Ka mor'a moo, nahana ka liathomo joale ka ketane lehlakoreng. Mohlala, methylcyclopropane. Cycloalkanes - ke metsoako eo k'habone liathomo tse sp3 lebasetere puso, ka tsela e tšoanang ho hydrocarbons phelelang. Tsobotsi ena e hlalosa mekhoa motheo bakeng sa ho lokisetsa le khethollang thepa tsa sehlopha sena.

Options bakeng sa kamohelo cycloalkanes

Nka fumana cycloalkanes? Mehlala a itšoare mantlha bontša hore ho na le le dikgetho tse mmalwa ho thuto ea bona. Mohlala, cyclohexane e hlahisoang ke hydrogenation tsa benzene nkhang hamonate. Metsoako le tse tharo, tse 'nè lesale k'habone liathomo e ka ka lokisoa ke bokaholimo ba matsoele ea limolek'hule alkanes halogen digalogenproizvodnyh. Hape cycloalkanes fumana ka pyrolysis ea letsoai ea acid dicarboxylic manyolo. Futhumatsang ntle ho ba teng ha moea o etella hore ho thehoe cyclopentane le cyclohexane.

thepa lik'hemik'hale

Naphthenes thepa lik'hemik'hale tšoanang le hydrocarbons phelelang. Bakeng sa bona, e ikhethang itsoara joang ka halogens ka mofuta oa tloswa. Ho phaella moo, baemeli ba naphthenes kena k'hemik'hale e itšoara joang le asiti nitric. Cycloalkanes manganga ho acid e khobokellane sulfuric. Le asiti chlorosulfuric le oleum ba itšoara joang ke hape khoneha: qetellong ba thehoa oxide e sebabole (4).

Naphthenes le ka limolek'hule tsa carbon liathomo 5 le ea 6 li nkoa komponeng lik'hemik'hale tsitsitseng. Empa ha a pepesa ho lethal gene kapa aluminium chloride, ke isomerization bona e tsamaea le thibelo kapa katoloso ea potoloho ea pele.

isomerization

Ka mohlala, ka isomerization liforomo thulaganyong, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane. Ka oli ile a fumanoa tse fapa-fapaneng derivatives tsa cyclopentane le cyclohexane, baemeli tse ling tsa naphthenes ho na le hoo e batlang e le siyo.

Litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa lipotoloho tse mahareng ho ela hloko le bokhoni ba ho theha conformation joalo ka eo ba bang ba liathomo k'habone li tsamaisoa ntle, 'me ka hare e sekgoqetsane. le puisano e joalo e bitsoa intranulyarnymi, 'me ba hore li teng ka hare lesale la, e bitsoang litlamo ekstranulyarnymi.

Ka mohlala, bakeng sa palo e kahodimodimo cyclodecane tšoanelang conformation nahana intranulyarnyh tšeletseng le metso e mene liathomo ekstranulyarnyh hydrogen. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a fapane hole CH2 lihlopha, e leng e bontšoa ka ho eketseha tlamo e matla, ntlafatsa thepa lik'hemik'hale ea ho kompone.

Bakeng sa hydrocarbons le 12 kapa ho feta har'a carbon liathomo, tšoauoa conformational tsamaiso. Ho tloha ka C-bolokolohi rotatable, bakeng sa dikgokelo joalo ha ba lokela boteng ba liforomo ranole le cis.

Tsiklany (naphthenes) ka na le oli tlhaho ka ho mefuta e fapaneng ho tloha 25 ho ea ho karolo ea 75 lekholong. The dikahare ditirisanommogo ho bona e itšetlehile ka ho bokete karoloana. The dikotwana oli eo na le e phahameng e belang ntlha, ho na le keketseho ea ho mehaho e nkhang hamonate. Haholo-holo e ngata naphthenes fumanoa Emba le Baku oli.

The ditirisanommogo karo-karolelano lipalo tse ho fihlela karolo ea 80 lekholong. kamano ea bohlokoa e teng pakeng tsa mefuta ea oli jese litheohelang le kabo ya cyclo-dikotwana. Tlase manganga nkoa thermodynamically monocyclic hydrocarbons eo na le e telele lateral alkyl ketane. CnH2n kabo ea mefuta ya dibopeho ke ka ho toba e amanang le yona ho thempereichara e sebelisitsoeng ka eona ka distillation tsa oli e tala.

Ka mohlala, naphthenes monocyclic ha ba lemoha ka mocheso fapaneng likhato 300-350 Celsius, 'me metsoako bicyclic nyamela ka ho feteletseng mocheso pontshi likhato 400 Celsius.

litšobotsi tse cyclopropane

C3H6 ke moemeli bonolo ea naphthenes. Ena ntho gaseous le hlokomolohuoang solubility ka metsing. Har'a tse khōlō thepa lik'hemik'hale bath ya ho kompone manyolo itšehla catalytic hydrogenation. Sehlahisoa sa sebelisana ena ke phahameng ka ho fetisisa hydrocarbon Propane. Ho feta moo, cyclopropane, tse ling tse tšoanang le hydrocarbon, e ileng a itšoara ka oksijene ya ho theha carbon dioxide, mouoane ea metsi, e leng palo e lekaneng ea matla.

Haholo-holo baemeli ba sehlopha sa

Ha re bapisa reflux mocheso oa baemeli ba cycloalkanes sehlopha sa le litsupa bakeng alkanes ho ba le palo e tšoanang ea liathomo k'habone, ba tla ba le hanyenyane e phahameng. Lebaka leo ke sebopeho cyclical tsa sehlopha sena. segokanyipalo naphthenes fetang palo ya alkanes, empa hanyenyane tlaasana ho lebaleng la boithabiso.

E le hore re utloisise hore na batho ba bangata cycloalkanes fapaneng le lumellane le moralo o balletsweng e mong, o lokela ho etsa le diphapano se feela isomers la dimela cyclic, empa hape le ka masapo ho toba a qapa kotorgo na le kamano e habeli. Ka ho ba teng ha substituents ka molek'hule ea ka sebōpeho sa radicals hydrocarbon, phokotso ka ntlha ya qhibiliha tsa cycloalkane ena.

Ha re hlahloba thepa 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale tsa sehlopha sena sa hydrocarbons, hoa khoneha ho phetha tlas'a maemo a karohano dintho ka metsoako le lipotoloho tse tlaase (tse tharo kapa tse' nè), tekanyetso (tse hlano, tse tšeletseng, tse supileng), seaplane (ho tloha ka ba lilemo li robeli ho leshome le metso e), le lipotoloho tse kgolo (ho tloha ka carbons leshome le metso).

Libakeng tsa tšebeliso

A re ke re bua mabapi le seo le ho sebelisa o ka sehloohong oa cycloalkanes. Naphthenes li sebelisoa moriana. Mohlala, cyclopropane ke narcotic lithethefatsi. Cyclopentane ho nkoa e solvent hantle, ho boleloa ka tswakana manyolo. Cyclohexane hlokahala ka lik'hemik'hale tswakana ea la nylon, nylon (polyamide likhoele lata), ho phaella moo, ho boleloa hore li hlahise benzene. Phelelang alkanes le cycloalkanes rua tlaase reactivity. Ha e le hantle ena e ka hlalosoa ka tlaase polarity C-C tlamo e. Ho phaella moo, palo e khōlō ea cycloalkanes sebelisoa indastering lik'hemik'hale le.

bofello

Metsoako ea hydrocarbons motho le naphthenes li sebelisetsoa ho proizvodnje lubricants. Baemeli ba sehlopha sena ba hydrocarbons khona ho ntlafatsa tshebetso ya tuki disele. Mohlala, cycloalkanes tseloe haholo eketsa nomoro octane, eketsa e tiileng e qamathelang, eketsa combustion e mocheso la enjene. Ke ka lebaka leo cycloalkanes le ha lia tloha lihlahisoa tsa oli e tala e hloekisitsoeng, 'me u le karolo ea peterole karoloana.

Concentrates naphthenes li sebelisoa e le solvents manyolo. Cycloalkanes ka boima ba 'mele, ka karolelano ea limolek'hule sebediswa tlhahiso ya detergents maiketsetso. naphthenes lekaneng le tsoela ka mafura, kaha palo e khōlō ea mocheso ka nako ya go tuka ga molelo tsa bona.