Benthos - le ... Plankton, nekton, benthos

Plankton, nekton, benthos - lihlopha tse tharo tse ka ho ba ile ba kopanela libōpuoa tsohle tse phelang metsing. Plankton dimelametsing foromo le liphoofolo tse nyenyane tse phaphametseng haufi holim'a metsi. Nekton na le liphoofolo tse ka mafolofolo ho sesa 'me a tsubelle ka metsing, ho e litlhapi, likolopata, maruarua, lishaka le ba bang. Benthos - tse phelang tse lulang ka le dikarolo tlaase-tlaase tsa tikoloho phelang metsing. Ho akarelletsa ho le liphoofolo, tlhaho amanang le tlase, ba ile ba kenyelletsa echinoderms tse ngata, tlhapi demersal, crustaceans, molluscs, annelids , 'me joalo-joalo.

Types of phelang metsing

liphoofolo tse Marine ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo: plankton, nekton, benthos. Zooplankton hlahiswa hoholeha liphoofolo tseo hangata le mokhutšoanyane ka seemo, empa ka hōla ho haholo ka boholo kgolo (mohlala, sesang). Zooplankton ka boela kenyeletsa ka nakoana liforomo larval tsa lintho tse phelang tse ka hōla le ho siea plankton setjhaba le kena lihlopha tse kang nekton, benthos.

Nekton sehlopha sa etsa ho fihlela karolong e khōlō ka ho fetisisa ea liphoofolo tse phelang leoatleng. A mefuta e fapaneng ea litlhapi, octopus, maruarua, eel, li-dolphin, le squid - tsohle ka mehlala ea nekton. This sehlopha lohle-ho tloha ho akarelletsa ho 'maloa tsa libōpuoa tse fapaneng haholo tse fapaneng haholo le mong ho e mong ka ho dihlahlobo tse ngata.

ke benthos eng? Mofuta oa boraro oa liphoofolo tse phelang metsing hore qeta bophelo ba bona kaofela ka mokatong leoatleng. sehlopha sena se akarelletsa lobsters, starfish, liboko tse sa tšoaneng, likhofu, oyster le ba bang ba bangata. Tse ling tsa liphoofolo tsena, tse kang lobsters le likhofu ka susumelletsa nosi hammoho tlaase, empa tsela eo ba phelang e joalo ka matla tse amanang le tlase leoatle, e le hore ba ke ke ba phela hole le tikolohong ena. Benthos - tse phelang tse lulang ka mokatong leoatle 'me e akarelletsa limela, liphoofolo le libaktheria.

Plankton - ka ho fetisisa ka mokgwa oo tlwaelegileng oa bophelo ka tikoloho tsa metsing

Ha u nahana bophelo ka leoatleng, ke hangata ka litloaelano tsohle ka tsela e itseng amanang le litlhapi, le hoja ha e le hantle litlhapi - ha mofuta o tloaelehileng haholo oa bophelo ka leoatleng. Sehlopha se seholo ka ho fetisisa ke plankton. Lihlopha tse ling tse peli - nekton (mafolofolo sesa liphoofolo tse) le benthic (phelang tse phelang ahileng tlase).

mefuta e boholo ba plankton ke e le nyenyane haholo ho bona ka mahlo a hlobotse.

Ho na le mefuta e 'meli e ka sehloohong ea plankton

• Phytoplankton, e hlahisa lijo tse ka tala. Boholo ba bona ba fapaneng dimelametsing.
• Zooplankton, e fepa ka phytoplankton. Ho akarelletsa ho liphoofolo tse nyenyane le litlhapi larvae.

Plankton: kakaretso lesedi

Plankton - nyenyane baahi ba tikoloho pelagic. Ba metsoako e ea bohlokoa ea ketane lijo tikolohong tsa metsing, ha ba ntse ba fana ka phepo e nepahetseng bakeng sa nektonic (crustaceans, tlhapi le squid) le benthos (leoatle seponche). Ba ne ba boetse ba le tšusumetso lefatšeng ka bophara ka biosphere le joalo, e le ho leka-lekana ea likarolo sepakapakeng Lefatše haholo itšetlehile ka mosebetsi oa bona oa photosynthetic.

Poleloana e reng "plankton" le tsoa Segerike Planktos, e bolelang "lelera" kapa "hoholeha". Boholo ba plankton e qeta ba teng ha hae, phaphametseng le maqhubu a leoatle. Leha ho le joalo, hase bohle mefuta ya adrift, mefuta e mengata ka ho laola motsamao oa bona, le ho pholoha bona e itšetlehile ka bang ka ho feletseng ka boipuso bona.

Litekanyo le baemeli ba plankton

Ka boholo plankton fapana ho ea likokoana-hloko tse nyenyane bolelele ba tsona e 1 micrometer ho sesang bao gelatinous tšepe e ka ba ho fihlela ho limithara tse 2 ka bophara, 'me le tentacles ka atolosa limithara tse fetang 15. Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba lintho tse phelang planktonic ke liphoofolo tse ka tlase ho 1 millimeter ka bolelele. Ba teng ka a bale litsenyehelo ea limatlafatsi ka metsing leoatle le ka tala.

Baemeli ba plankton ke tse ngata tse phelang, tse kang dimelametsing, libaktheria, protozoa, senakangoeli ea liphoofolo tse itseng le crustaceans. Fetisisa planktonic protists ke eukaryotes, tse phelang haholo unicellular. Plankton ka aroloa phytoplankton, zooplankton le microorganisms (libaktheria). Phytoplankton etsa tala le zooplankton emeloang bareki heterotrophic.

nekton

Baemeli ba nekton ba mafolofolo batho ba sesang 'me ke atisa ho ba phelang ho fetisisa e tsejoang ka metsi leoatleng. Tsena ke tse jang ka sehloohong ka liketane fetisisa lijo metsing. Phapang pakeng tsa nekton le plankton ha kamehla le nchocho. liphoofolo tse ngata tse khōlō (mohlala, tuna) qeta sethaleng bona larval ka mokgwa wa plankton, athe sethaleng batho ba baholo e kgolo haholo le a sebetsang a nekton.

Boholo ba batho ba nekton ke vertebrates, tlhapi ena, lihahabi, liphoofolo tse anyesang, molluscs le crustaceans. Sehlopha se seholo ka ho fetisisa e na le tlhapi, Kakaretso ho na le hoo e ka bang 16.000 mefuta e. Nekton kopana botebo bohle le bophara ba leoatle. Maruarua, li-penguin, litiiso tse tloaelehileng baemedi nektonic ka metsi Polar. The tse fapa-fapaneng e khōlō ea nekton li fumanoa metsing a libakeng tsa tropike.

Foromo ho fetisisa fapa-fapaneng ea bophelo le boleng ba lona a moruo

Hona ho kenyeletsa hape le phoofolo e anyesang kholo ka ho fetisisa ka Lefatše, leruarua le leputsoa, e leng e ntse e hōla ho fihlela ho limithara tse 25-30 ka bolelele. linatla tsena, hammoho le tse ling tse maruarua baleen fepa ka plankton le micronekton. Baemeli kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa nekton ke lishaka leruarua, e fihla ba bolelele ba limithara tse 17, hammoho le ho maruarua toothed (orcas), e khōlō e tšoeu shaka, nkoe shaka, bluefin tuna, 'me ba bang.

Nekton ke motheong oa lihlapi lefatšeng ka bophara. Anchovies, herring, tseo sardine ke ka kakaretso pakeng tsa kotara ho a le mong-tse tharo tsa kotulo ea selemo le selemo a leoatle. Moruong nekton bohlokoa hape ke squid. Halibut le litlhapi tsa cod li demersal tlhapi, e nang le boleng ba khoebo e le lijo bakeng sa batho ba. E le busa, ba epilwe metsi a raka, athe kontinenteng.

benthos

ke se boleloang ke lentsoe "benthos" ke efe? Poleloana e reng "benthos" le tsoa Segerike lereho bentos le bolela "bolibeng ba leoatle." khopolo ena e sebelisoa ka baeloji ho hlalosa setjhaba tsa lintho tse phelang ka leoatle le, hammoho le joalo 'mele metsi a hloekileng e le matša, linōka le melapo.

phelang Benthic ka classified ho latela boholo. Ho kenyeletsa macrobenthos phelang kholoanyane ho feta 1 millimeter. Sena ke e fapaneng gastropods, bivalves, likhahla leoatle, e jang nama leoatle linaleli le likhofu. Tse phelang le boholo bo ho tloha limilimithara 0,1 ho ea ho 1 di likokoana-hloko kholo e ka sehloohong ka liketane tlase lijo, ho phetha karolo ea biogenic litšila mocheso, lihlahisoa mathomo le liphoofolo tse li jang. dihlopha akarelletsa ho microbenthos phelang tse nyenyane tse ho feta 1 millimeter, ho diatoms, baktheria le ciliates. Se phelang tsohle benthic phelang ka seretse, ba bang ba baahi ba phela substrates majoe.

Ho na le mefuta e meraro e fapaneng ya benthic

1. Infauna - phelang hore phela a le mokatong oa leoatle, patoa lehlabathe kapa pata ka likhetla. Ba na le tsamaiso e fokolang haholo, ho phela magweregwere li pepesehetse tikoloho le ho ba le haholo nako e telele ba phela. Tsena li akarelletsa likhetla leoatle le mefuta e fapaneng ya morue.
2. Epifauna ka phela 'me rea sisinyeha ka holim' a leoatle, ho eo ba neng ba ba khomaretse. Ba phela ke attaching ho mafika kapa sediments fallela hammoho holim'a metsi. Ho seponche, oyster, likhofu, starfish le makhala.
3. Tse phelang tse lulang ka mokatong a leoatle, empa le ka boela la ho sesa ka metsi ka holimo ho. Tsena li akarelletsa tlase tlhapi bonolo - puffers, flounder sebelisa crustaceans le libōkō ka mohloding lijo.

The mabapi pakeng tsa pelagic le tikoloho benthic

Benthos - tse phelang tseo bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho baahi metsing likokoana-hloko. mefuta Benthic ke sehlopha sa tšoaneng, e leng kgokahanyo ya sehlooho ka ketane lijo. Ba sefa metsi a ho ea batla mobung lijo tse tlositse le manyolo dintho, ka tsela eo ho hloekisa metsi. Qetellong ea maoatle le maoatleng li beha thepa sa sebelisoeng manyolo, tse ka nako eo sebetswa 'me a khutlela likokoana benthic ka lenaneng la metsi. Tšebetso ena ea mineralization ea taba manyolo ke mohloli oa bohlokoa limatlafatsi 'me ke habohlokoa ho etsa bonnete ba e phahameng fana ka tlhahiso e ka sehloohong.

Dikgopolo tsa libakeng pelagic le benthic li tla ama ka ka litekanyetso tse ngata. Ka mohlala, pelagic plankton ke mohloli oa bohlokoa oa lijo bakeng sa liphoofolo tseo phela ka lebaka bonolo kapa Stony. Anemones le barnacles sebeletsa e le metsi tsa tlhaho filtara e potolohileng. tikoloho ya sebopeho pelagic o boetse o atlehe kwa tlase ka moulting lihlahisoa crustacean le phapanyetsano ea plankton shoele. Ha nako e ntse, e plankton bopa sediments metsing e le mesaletsa, tse sebediswa ho fumana hore na le lilemo li le tšimoloho ea majoe.

tse phelang metsing a classified latela phelang bona. Bo-rasaense ba lumela hore ba sehlekehleke sena ba liphoofolo tsena e na le tšusumetso e tebileng ho iphetola ha lintho tsa bona. Ho feta moo, boholo ba bona ba hantle ikamahanya le maemo ho phela tikolohong e itseng ba lule ho. ke phapang ka sehloohong pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli, e bitsoang plankton, benthos le nekton eng?

Plankton - liphoofolo tse nyenyane kapa tse nyenyane ka ho ipapisa le mefuta e meng e 'meli. Nekton e ka bolokolohi phaphametseng liphoofolo. ke benthos eng? Sena se akarelletsa mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa ka bolokolohi, 'me tse phelang tseo tse sa emela boteng ba bona kantle ho mokatong leoatleng. Ho thoe'ng ka lintho tse e phela hangata ka tlase e, empa hape e ka sesa - octopus, sawfish, flounder? liforomo joalo ea bophelo ba ka 'na ua bitsoa nektobentosom.