Thepa ea polymeric: theknoloji, mefuta, tlhahiso le kopo

Lisebelisoa tsa polymeric ke lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale tse nang le lik'hemik'hale tse nang le li-molecular weight monomers (li-link) tsa mohaho o tšoanang. Hangata likaroloana tse latelang tsa monomeric li sebelisoa ho etsa lipolisi: ethylene, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate, propylene, methyl methacrylate, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene, urea, melamine, formaldehyde, phenol. Sehloohong sena, re tla tšohla ka ho qaqileng hore na lihlahisoa tsa polymeric ke life, lik'hemik'hale tsa tsona le limela tsa mofuta ofe, lihlopha le mefuta e meng.

Mefuta ea lipolisi

Tšobotsi ea limolek'hule tsa boitsebiso bona ke boima ba limolek'hule tse kholo, tse lumellanang le boleng bo latelang: M> 5 * 103. Lintho tse nang le litekanyo tse tlase tsa parameter (M = 500-5000) li atisa ho bitsoa oligomers. Ka metsoako e tlase ea limolek'hule, boima bo ka tlaase ho 500. Mefuta e latelang ea lihlahisoa tsa polymeric li khetholloa: lihlahisoa le tsa tlhaho. Lintho tse latelang li kenyeletsa rabara ea tlhaho, mica, boea, asbestos, cellulose, joalo-joalo. Leha ho le joalo, sebaka se ka sehloohong se tšoaretsoe ke limela tsa maiketsetso, tse fumanoang ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea lik'hemik'hale tse tsoang lik'hemik'hale tse tlaase tsa molek'hule. Ho itšetlehile ka mokhoa oa ho etsa lihlahisoa tse phahameng tsa limolek'hule, limela tsa polymene li khetholloa, tse bōpiloeng ke polycondensation kapa ka tsela ea ho eketsa.

Polymerization

Mokhoa ona ke motsoako o tlase oa limolek'hule tse boima boemong bo phahameng ba molek'hule ho hlahisa liketane tse telele. Boholo ba tekanyo ea polymerization ke palo ea "mehato" ka limolek'hule tsa moqapi o fanoeng. Hangata, lihlahisoa tsa polymeric li na le li-unit tsa tsona tse likete tse sekete ho isa ho tse leshome. Mefuta e latelang e sebelisoang hangata e fumanoa ke polymerization: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, joalo-joalo.

Polycondensation

Ts'ebetso ena ke karabo ea mohato ka mohato e kopantseng ho kopanya palo e kholo ea li-monomeri tsa mofuta o le mong kapa lihlopha tse fapaneng (A le B) ho li-polycondensor (macromolecules) ka sebopeho sa nako e le 'ngoe ea lihlahisoa tse latelang: methyl joala, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, metsi le Ho joalo Polycondensation e hlahisa silicone, polysulfone, polycarbonate, aminoplasts, phenolic, polyesters, polyamides le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa polymeric.

Tlhaloso ea lipolanete

Ts'ebetso ena e utloisisoa hore e bolela ho thehoa ha lipolisi ka lebaka la likarolo tse ngata tse amanang le likaroloana tsa monomeric tse nang le ho fokotsa matamo a matšoao ho lihlopha tsa lihlopha tse saaturated (mekhabiso e sebetsang kapa litlamo tse peli). Ho fapana le polycondensation, mokhoa oa ho etsa li-polyaddition o tsoela pele ntle le ho ikarola ha lihlahisoa. Mokhoa oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa oa theknoloji ena ke phekolo ea li-resin epoxy le tlhahiso ea polyurethanes.

Mekhabiso ea limela tsa polym

Ha ho hlophisoa, lihlahisoa tsohle tsa polase li arotsoe ka lintho tse sa tloaelehang, tse phelang le tse ling. Ea pele ho tsona (khalase ea silicate, mica, asbestos, ceramics, joalo-joalo) ha e na carbon ea atomic. Motheo oa bona ke li-oxide tsa aluminium, magnesium, silicon, joalo-joalo. Liphalase tsa 'mele ke sehlopha se seholo ka ho fetisisa, se na le liathomo tsa carbon, hydrogen, naetrojene, sebabole, halojene le oksijene. Lisebelisuoa tse entsoeng ka lihlahisoa tse entsoeng ka polasetiki li na le metsoako eo, ho phaella meketeng e thathamisitsoeng, e na le silicon, aluminium, titanium, le lisebelisoa tse ling tse khonang ho kopanya le mefuta e mengata ea lintho tse phelang. Ka tlhaho, ho kopana ho joalo ha ho tsohe. Tsena ke lipolisi feela tsa maiketsetso. Baemeli ba tloaelehileng ba sehlopha sena ke metsoako ea motheo oa silicone, e leng ketane e kholo ea eona e entsoeng ka oksijene le liathomo tsa silicone.

Ho hlahisa limela tse nang le lintho tse hlokahalang theknoloji, ha ho sebelisoe lisebelisoa tse "hloekileng," empa li kopane le lihlahisoa tsa manyolo kapa tsa tlhaho. Mohlala o motle ke thepa ea kaho ea polymeric: metsoako ea tšepe, liphasetiki, fiberglass, konkreite ea polymer.

Sebaka sa lipente

Ntho e ikhethileng ea thepa ea thepa ena e bakoa ke mekhoa ea bona, e leng eona e arohanngoa ka mefuta e latelang: linear-branched, linear, sebaka se nang le lihlopha tse kholo tsa limolek'hule le mehaho e ikhethang ea li-geometric, le litepa. A re tšohleng ka bokhutšoanyane e mong le e mong oa bona.

Lisebelisuoa tsa polymeric tse nang le mohaho o motlakase o nang le linear, ntle le ketane e ka sehloohong ea limolek'hule, li na le makala a lateral. Lipolisi tse joalo li akarelletsa polypropylene le polyisobutylene.

Lisebelisuoa tse nang le lisebelisoa tse sa tšoaneng li na le liketane tsa khale tse kang li-zigzag kapa tse omeletseng. Li-macromolecules tsa tsona li khetholloa haholo ka ho pheta-pheta libaka sebakeng se le seng sa lihlopha tsa li-link kapa lik'hemik'hale tsa ketane. Li-polymeri tse nang le litekanyetso tse sa tšoaneng li khetholloa ke ho ba teng ha li-macromolecules tse telele haholo tse nang le phapang e khōlō boleng ba litlamo tse tsamaeang le ketane le pakeng tsa tsona. Ho na le litlamo tsa li-intermolecular le lik'hemik'hale. Li-macromolecule tsa thepa e joalo li fetoha haholo. 'Me setša sena ke motheo oa liketane tsa polase, tse lebisang lits'ebetsong tse ncha tsa boleng bo phahameng: elastic e phahameng, hammoho le ho ba sieo ha brittle boemong bo thata.

'Me hona joale re ithuta hore na lihlahisoa tsa polisi tse nang le mohaho oa libaka ke tsa mofuta ofe. Lintho tsena li theha likamano tse matla tsa lik'hemik'hale ka tsela e potolohileng ha li-macromolecule li kopana. Ka lebaka leo, sebopeho sa marang-rang se fumanoa, moo motheo oa sebaka se fapaneng kapa oa sebaka sa gridi. Li-polymers tsa mofuta ona li na le mocheso o moholo oa ho hanyetsa le ho tiea ho feta li-polymers tse lekaneng. Lisebelisoa tsena ke motheo oa lisebelisoa tse ngata tse se nang tšepe.

Likolek'hule tsa lisebelisoa tsa polymeric tse nang le mohaho o na le marang-rang a kopantsoeng ke tiiso ea lik'hemik'hale. Tsena li kenyeletsa limela tse entsoeng ka organosilicon, tse tsejoang ka ho eketseha ho tsitsitseng, ho hanyetsa mocheso, ho phaella moo, ha li sebelisane le metsoako ea lintho tse phelang.

Sehlopha sa likhahla tsa polymers

Lisebelisoa tsena ke mekhoa e nang le libaka tsa amorphous le cristalline. Ea pele ea tsona e thusa ho fokotsa ho tsitsisa, e etsang hore ho be le sekhahla sa polase, se khonang ho senyeha ho hoholo ha tlhaho. Karolo ea crystalline e thusa ho eketsa matla a bona, ho thata, mokhoa oa ho ruruha, hammoho le likarolo tse ling, ha ho ntse ho fokotsa ho fetoha ha limolek'hule tsa ntho eo. Kakaretso ea boholo ba libaka tse joalo ho ea ka kakaretso ea lentsoe e bitsoa tekanyo ea crystallization, moo boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa (ho fihlela ho 80%) ke polypropylenes, fluoroplasts, polyethylenes e phahameng. Mokhoa o ka tlase oa crystallization o na le polyvinyl chloride, polyethylenes e tlase-lekaneng.

Ho itšetlehile ka hore na thepa ea polymer e itšoara joang ha e halefile, hangata e arotsoe ka thermosetting le thermoplastic.

Thermoset polymers

Lisebelisoa tsena li na le mekhoa e meholo. Ha e halefile, e nolofatsa, empa ka lebaka la lik'hemik'hale ho tsona, sebopeho se fetela sebakeng se le seng, mme ntho e fetoha e tiileng. Nakong e tlang, boleng bona bo bolokiloe. Motheong ona, lisebelisuoa tse entsoeng ka polymeric li hahoa. Ho futhumatsa ha nako e telele ha ho fokolise thepa eo, empa e lebisa ho theoha ha eona. Motsoako o felile oa thermosetting ha o qhale ebile ha o qhibilihe, ka hona ho tsosolosoa ha oona ha ho amohelehe. Mofuta ona oa boitsebiso o kenyelletsa epoxy silicone, phenol-formaldehyde le li-resin tse ling.

Thermoplastic polymers

Lisebelisoa tsena, ha li halefile, pele li nolofatse 'me li qhibilihe,' me ka mor'a ho phomola ka mor'a moo li tiisa. Li-polymers tsa thermoplastic tlas'a phekolo e joalo ha li fetohe liphetoho tsa lik'hemik'hale. Sena se etsa hore ts'ebetso ena e tsosolosoe ka ho feletseng. Lintho tsa mofuta ona li na le mekhoa e mebala-bala kapa ea linomoro tsa li-macromolecule, pakeng tsa mekhoa e nyenyane ea matla e sebetsang 'me ho hang ha ho na likamano tsa lik'hemik'hale. Tsena li kenyelletsa polyethylenes, polyamides, polystyrenes, joalo-joalo Theknoloji ea thepa ea polymeric ea mofuta oa thermoplastic e fana ka tlhahiso ea bona ka ho kenya mochine ka mefuta e pholileng ka metsi, ho hatella, extrusion, ho fofa le mekhoa e meng.

Lik'hemik'hale

Li-polymers li ka ba teng ho tse latelang: e tiileng, ea metsi, ea amorphous, ea crystalline phase, hammoho le deformation e thata haholo, e mahlahahlaha le ea khalase. Tšebeliso e pharaletseng ea thepa ea polymeric e bakoa ke ho hanyetsa ha bona melaetsa e fapaneng e mabifi, e kang li-acidi le li-alkali. Ha ba khone ho hlaseloa ke li- electrochemical corrosion. Ho phaella moo, ha molek'hule e le boima bo eketseha, ho senyeha ha lintho tse bonahalang ka lihlahisoa tsa manyolo ho fokotseha. 'Me li-polymeri tse nang le mohaho oa libaka ha lia ameha ho hang ke likelikeli tse boletsoeng.

Matlo a 'mele

Boholo ba polymere ke dielectric, ho phaella moo, ke tsa matlotlo a seng a khoheli. Har'a lintho tsohle tse hahiloeng ho sebelisoa, ke tsona feela tse nang le mocheso o fokolang oa mocheso le mocheso o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa mocheso, hammoho le shrinkage ea motlakase (hoo e batlang e le makhetlo a mashome a mabeli ho feta a tšepe). Lebaka la ho lahleheloa ke metsi ka liphahlo tse sa tšoaneng tsa ho tiisa tlas'a maemo a tlase a mocheso ke seo ho thoeng ke khalase ea phetoho ea rabara, hammoho le phapang e matla pakeng tsa li-coefficients tsa ho atolosa tsa tšepe le li-rubbers ka puso.

Mehaho ea mechine

Lisebelisoa tsa polymeric li na le litšoaneleho tse sa tšoaneng tsa mechine, tse itšetlehileng haholo ka mokhoa oa tsona. Ntle le parameter ena, lintlha tse fapa-fapaneng tse ka ntle li ka ba le tšusumetso e kholo ho thepa ea mokelikeli oa ntho eo. Tsena li kenyelletsa: mocheso, maqhubu, nako ea tekanyo kapa tekanyo ea ho laola, mofuta oa khatello ea maikutlo, khatello, tlhaho ea tikoloho, phekolo ea mocheso, joalo-joalo. Tšobotsi e ikhethang ea thepa ea mochine oa polymeric ke matla a bona a phahameng a nang le boima bo tebileng (ho bapisoa le lichelete).

Li-polymeri hangata li arotsoe ka tieo, e leng mokhoa oa elasticity o lumellanang le E = 1-10 GPa (li-fibers, lifilimi, liphasetiki), le lintho tse bonolo tse tlaase, e leng e = 1-10 MPa (rabara). Mokhoa le mekhoa ea timetso ea bobeli li fapane.

Lisebelisoa tsa limela tse ngata li khetholloa ka li-anisotropy tsa thepa, hammoho le ho fokotseha ha matla, tsoelo-pele ea ho fofa tlas'a maemo a ho laela nako e telele. Hammoho le sena ba na le matla a ho hanyetsa mokhathala. Ha li bapisoa le litšepe, li khetholloa ke ho itšetleha ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa mechine ea mochine mocheso. E 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong tsa thepa ea polymeric ke ho senyeha (ho latela). Ho pharaleji ena e pharaletseng, ho tloaelehile ho hlahloba thepa ea bona e sebetsang le ea thekenoloji ho feta mocheso o moholo oa mocheso.

Lisebelisuoa tsa polymeric bakeng sa fatše

Hona joale nahana ka e 'ngoe ea likhetho bakeng sa tšebeliso e sebetsang ea lipolisi, ho senola boholo ba lisebelisoa tsena. Lintho tsena li fumane ho sebelisoa ka ho pharaletseng kahong le ho lokisa le ho qeta mesebetsi, haholo-holo ka fatše. Botumo bo bongata bo hlalositsoe ke litšoaneleho tsa lintho tse ntseng li hlahlojoa: li hanyetsa ho fokotseha, ho futhumatsa ha mocheso o fokolang, ha li na metsi a mangata, li na le matla a lekaneng 'me li le thata, li na le pente e phahameng le litšoaneleho tse nang le litlolo. Ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tsa polymeric li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse tharo: linoleums (meqolo), lihlahisoa tsa lipeiti le metsoako bakeng sa sesebelisoa sa sephaka se se nang metsi. Joale, a re ke re hlahlobeng ka bokhutšoanyane e mong le e mong oa bona.

Linoleum e entsoe motheong oa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea li-fillers le li-polymeri. Li ka boela tsa kenyelletsa li-plasticizers, lihlahisoa tsa ho sebetsana le li-pigments. Ho itšetlehile ka mofuta oa polymer, ho na le polyester (glyptal), polyvinyl chloride, rabara, colloxylin le liaparo tse ling. Ho phaella moo, ka sebopeho, li arotsoe e le setsi sa motheo le se nang le molumo o nang le molumo, se nang le mochini o le mong le o mong le o mong, o nang le marulelo a boreleli, a maholo le a marotholi, hammoho le a masoha le a mebala-bala.

Lisebelisoa tsa maiketsetso tse entsoeng motheong oa likaroloana tsa polase li na le ho theoha haholo, ho hanyetsa lik'hemik'hale le nako e telele. Ho itšetlehile ka mofuta oa lihlahisoa tse tala, mofuta ona oa lihlahisoa tsa polase li arotsoe ka kumaronopolivinyl chloride, coumarone, polyvinylchloride, rabara, phenolite, litene tse nang le litente, hammoho le li-boardboard tsa woodboard.

Lisebelisoa tsa liphalo tse sa tiiseng ke tse ntle haholo le tse hloekileng, li na le matla a maholo. Hangata metsoako e arotsoe ka samente ea samente, konkreite ea polymer le polyvinyl acetate.