Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa litsamaiso receptor kutlo. Mesebetsi e ka sehloohong ea receptors seleng ea ka

The tsamaiso ea methapo batho etsa rarahaneng katisediwa le maiketsetso dithulaganyo hore fana ka tlwaetsa itima lijo tsa makala le tsamaiso ea ho liphetoho tikolohong Link le ka hare. The temoho ea susumetsa ba bang ho tswa ho tikoloho e loketseng ho sebopeho ho akarelletsa le thulaganyo ya methapo ea kutlo afferent, glial-e nang le lisele tse oligodendrocytes kapa lemmotsity. Ba retelehela ho susumetsa ba bang Link kapa ka hare ka liketsahalo bioelectric, e bitsoang nyakallo, kapa tšusumetso e tsoang ho methapo ea kutlo. mehaho e joalo ba bitsoa receptors. Sehloohong sena, re hlahloba sebopeho le mosebetsi wa receptors ea litsamaiso tse fapa-fapaneng kutlo batho.

Types of dipheletso methapo ea kutlo

Ka kaheho ea, ho na le tsamaiso ea tse 'maloa tsa tlhophiso. The receptors atileng ka ho fetisisa ba arotsoe ka e bonolo (bopilwe mong neuron lehlomela) le rarahaneng (Sehlopha sa neurocytes thusang 'me lisele tse glial ka ea ho hlophisoa e khethehileng haholo kutlo lekala). Thehiloeng sebōpeho sa dithulaganyo kutlo. di arotswe mathomo le se mahareng qetellong neurocyte centripetal. Tsena li akarelletsa mefuta e fapaneng ya receptors letlalong: ho nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, baroreceptors, thermoreceptors le dithulaganyo neural hore innervate sa litho tse ka hare. Mahareng epithelial derivatives ba bōpa e bokgoni ba bohato ka lebaka la hlasimollang e (receptors tatso, ho se utloe, ho leka-lekana). The melamu le dikhouno tsa lera photosensitive ea leihlo - retina - ka boemo ba lipakeng pakeng tsa vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi ba haholo-holo le methapo ea kutlo e qetellong.

tsamaiso e khopo e mong tlhophiso e thehiloe phapang ena, e le mofuta oa ntho e susumetsang. Ha ho teneha le tsoa tikoloho, exteroreceptors ebe e lemohuoa (jwalo ka melumo, nkha). A tlhotlheletso ya ka hare lintlha tikoloho ya hlahlobisisa interoreceptors: visceral, proprioceptors, lisele tse skeletal moriri. Kahoo, tsamaiso ea kutlo receptor mosebetsi ka lebaka la ho sebopeho bona le sebaka sa sebaka ka makala ka kutloisiso.

Khopolo ea analyzers

Hore o hlahisa phapang le khetholla pakeng tsa dipehelo tsa tikoloho Link le ikamahanya le eona, ka batho, ho na le khethehileng anatomical le fisioloji dibopeho bitsoa semanolli, kapa tsamaiso ea kutlo. Russia rasaense I. P. Pavlov sisintsweng sekemeng latelang bakeng sa mehaho ea bona. Lefapha la pele o ne a bitsoa pheriferale (receptor). Ea bobeli - lithapo, 'me ea boraro - bohareng kapa cortical.

Ka mohlala, tse bonwang oona tsamaisong kutlo e kenyeletsa retina lisele tse kutlo - melamu le dikhouno, tse peli tse optic methapo ea kutlo le cortex teng ka morao ho eona.

Ba bang ba analyzers, tse kang ho se ho boletsoe utluwang bonwang le kenyeletsa boemo ba doretseptorny - itseng dibopeho anatomical, ho ntlafatsa pono ea susumetsa ba lekaneng. Bakeng sa tsebe sena utluwang ka ntle 'me bohareng, tsamaiso ea bonwang - leseli retelletsa karolo e itseng ea leihlo, ho akarelletsa le sclera e, ea metsi metlae ea anterior kamoreng, lense,' mele vitreous. Re tla tsepamisa maikutlo karolong pheriferale tsa semanolli le araba lipotso ka seo mosebetsi wa receptors sa bao e leng ba hae.

E le lisele tse lemoha susumetsa ba bang

Tsena lera (kapa cytosol e) ke limolek'hule khethehileng entsoe ka liprotheine, hammoho le tsamaiso ea rarahaneng - glycoproteins. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea lintlha tsa tikoloho, dintho tsena fetola phetolo bona tlhaloganya sebaka e le pontšo ho sele 'me mabotho a eona ho arabela ka ho lekaneng.

Ba bang ba lik'hemik'hale bitsoa ligands, li ka ama dithulaganyo le kutlo ea sele, e leng e na le transmembrane Ion maqhubu. Liprotheine plasmalemma le thepa li amohela, hammoho le k'habohaedreite limolek'hule (.. Ie receptors) mosebetsi jwalo annten - lemohe le phapang ligands.

ionotropic metjha e

mofuta o mong oa receptors seleng e - ionotropic metjha e sebakeng lera, e leng matla a ho bula kapa thibetsoeng le tlas'a tšusumetso ea lik'hemik'hale pontšo vesschestv mohlala H-acetylcholine receptor, vasopressin, 'me ka insulin receptors.

Ke mehaho e intracellular amohela kenyeletsa mongwalollo lintlha, e tlama ho ligand, ebe phunyeletse ka khubung ea. Metsoako lona thehoa ka DNA e ntlafatsa kapa thibela metsoako e sengwalollwa liphatsa tsa lefutso le 'ngoe kapa ho feta. Kahoo, mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa receptors seleng ea ka - le temoho ea ka matshwao a medumo tikoloho le molao oa tsamaiso a itšoare polasetiki phapanyetsano.

Melamu le dikhouno: sebopeho le mosebetsi

Tsena receptors ho retina ho ikutloa joang ka ho susumetsa ba ditshwantsho tse - photons, e bakang dipheletso methapo ea kutlo mosebetsing oa ho nyakallo. Ba na le ka mebala e khethehileng: iodopsin (dikhouno) le rhodopsin (melamu). Diithupa halefisa khanya crepuscular le sa khone ho khetha pakeng tsa se mebala. Dikhouno ba na le boikarabelo Pono mmala le ba arotsoe ka mefuta e meraro, e mong le e ba e nang le photopigment arohaneng. Kahoo, mahlo receptor mosebetsi itšetlehile ka seo mofuta wa khanya-nahanela lihaha-'mele, e akarelletsa. Coli bakela bonwang temoho leseling tlaase le dikhouno ba na le boikarabelo acuity bonwang le mmala pono.

Letlalo - kutloisiso e lekala

dipheletso methapo ea kutlo ea methapo ea kutlo kenyelelitsoe dermis ea, li fapana ka sebopeho bona le ho araba susumetsa ba tse fapa-fapaneng ha tikoloho: mocheso, khatello, sebopeho holim'a. Mesebetsi ea letlalo receptors - fumana 'me o fetole ho susumetsa ba bang ka linaoa motlakase (khanna thulaganyou e). Ho receptors khatello e kenyeletsa nyenyane Meissner e, teng ka lera bohareng ba letlalo - the dermis khona ho khetha ho susumetsa ba bang ka tsela e poteletseng (ba le tlaase nahanela monyako).

Ke baroreceptors ba nyenyane Pacinian. Ba ba sebakeng mafura subcutaneous. receptor mosebetsi - nociceptor bohloko - tšireletso khahlanong le ho susumetsa ba bang pathogenic. Ho feta moo, jwalo methapo ea kutlo e qetellong ea letlalo a lokisetsa ka makala tsohle ka hare le na le mofuta o mong oa afferent branching letlobo. Thermoreceptors ka ba ka bobeli ka letlalo le ka hare makala - methapo ea mali ea tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. Di classified e le mocheso le a batang.

Mosebetsi oa dipheletso tsena kutlo ka e ile ea eketseha, ho itšetlehile ka tataiso le lebelo le eo liphetoho mocheso oa holim'a letlalo. Ka lebaka leo, mesebetsi ya receptors letlalo tse fapa-fapaneng le ea itšetleha ka sebopeho bona.

The mochine oa temoho ea susumetsa ba utluwang

Exteroreceptors - lisele tse moriri, eo na le nahanela phahameng ho susumetsa ba bang e lekaneng - maqhubu a molumo. Ba ba bitsoa monomodal le ke vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi. Sebakeng sa lekala la Corti ba tsebe ka hare, kena cochlea ena.

Ka sesebediswa sa lekala la Corti e tšoanang le harepa. receptors utluwang aa ageletsweng ka perilymph le nang le sona, ba lipheletsong tsa microvilli oa sehlopha seo. oscillations mokelikeli bakela lisele tse teneha moriri, ea fetang ka liketsahalo bioelectric - litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo, ke hore, utloa receptor mosebetsi - .. ke temoho ea ka matshwao a medumo ho ba le mofuta o mong oa maqhubu a molumo, 'me phetoho ea bona thulaganyou e nyakallo.

receptors Contact tatso

Kaofela ha rōna re na le ratang bakeng sa lijo le lino. Flavoring tekanyo e lijo re lemoha ka lekala la tatso - puo. E na le mefuta e mene ea dipheletso methapo ea kutlo localized tjena: ntlha ea leleme - gustatory papillae khetholla monate, ka motso oa sona - e bohloko, bolila le letsoai le khetholla receptors mabota a mahlakoreng. Ho susumetsa ba bang hore ba mefuta eohle ea receptor molek'hule dipheletso ke lik'hemik'hale microvilli lemohuoa buds tatso, e ka lenakana.

Latsoa receptor mosebetsi - decode lik'hemik'hale hlasimollang le sokolla hore e be e pulse length motlakase tla neurotransmission ka cortex tatso. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore nipples di di behuwe ka bobedi ka dipheletso methapo ea kutlo ea semanolli olfactory, teng ka nasal mucosa. Phello hlakanywa ea litsamaiso tse peli kutlo lomahantse meno mouthfeel le chorisa batho.

selotho oa ho fofonela

Hammoho le tatso ea, tsamaiso e khopo olfactory arabela methapo ea kutlo e qetellong bona ka limolek'hule tsa lik'hemik'hale fapaneng. The mochine haholo ke tseo metsoako odorous halefisa le tleloubu olfactory, ha se utloisise ka ho feletseng. Bo-rasaense ba hakanya hore a hoehla limolek'hule kopana le methapo ea kutlo e fapaneng monko kutlo tsa nasal mucosa. Bafuputsi ba bang ba amanang le tlhotlheletso ya receptors olfactory hore a hoehla limolek'hule na tloaelehile hore batho ba lihlopha tsa tshebetso (mohlala, aldehyde kapa phenol) le dintho ka neuron ea kutlo.

olfactory receptor mosebetsi ke ka temoho ea ho teneha, 'me dipharologano fa lona ka phetolelo mosebetsing oa ho nyakallo. Kakaretso ea bulbs olfactory ka mucosa ba nasal cavity fihla limilione tse 60 e mong le e ea eona e fana ka le palo e kholo ea cilia, ho thusa ho eketsa sebaka ka kakaretso ya ho ikopanya le pakeng tsa receptor tšimo ea limolek'hule le lik'hemik'hale - monko.

The dipheletso methapo ea kutlo ea sethusathuto le skeletal

Ka litsebe ka hare ke 'mele le bona bo ikarabellang bakeng sa ho hokahanngoe le tumellano ea liketso dilenaneo,' mele o ho boloka boemo ba equilibrium, hammoho le ho kopanela le dikamano reflex. Ho na le maikutlo a sa melatsoana semicircular bitsoa labyrinth le anatomically amanang le lekala la Corti. The metjha e meraro lesapo la methapo ea kutlo e qetellong qoelisoa endolymph ena. Ha sekama ya hlooho le 'mele, ho fluctuates, e bakang ho teneha tsa dipheletso ea methapo ea kutlo ho lipheletsong ena.

Sami skeletal receptors - moriri lisele tse - ka kopana le lera la. E entsoe ka lithollo o motle oa khalsiamo carbonate - otolith. Hammoho endolymph, ba boetse ba qala ho fallela, ke hore e halefisang ho dithulaganyo le methapo ea kutlo. Mesebetsi e ka sehloohong ea ho melatsoana semicircular tsa receptor ho itšetlehile ka sebaka se lona: ka mekotla eo a arabelang matla a khoheli le ho laola ho ho leka-lekana ea hlooho le 'mele phomotse. koalo kutlo sebakeng ampoules equilibrium lekala mekhatlo phetoho taolo ea litho tsa 'mele (matla a khoheli).

Karolo e phethoang ke receptor le ka sebopeho sa lipotoloho neural

Na thuto ea reflexes, ho tloha ka lithuto tsa Descartes le ho tse sibolotsoeng motheo I. P. Pavlova le I. M. Sechenova, e thehilwe hodima taba ea mosebetsi neural e le ka karabelo e lekaneng ea phelang ho pepesehela ho susumetsa ba bang tikoloho ya Link le ka hare, o atlehe le ho kenya letsoho ha e bohareng ea methapo tsamaiso e khopo - boko le lesapong la mokokotlo. Eng kapa eng eo le karabo, e bonolo ka ho lengole-jerk, kapa Lata tse kang puo, memori kapa ho nahana, ho ke ke pele kgokahanyo baeti ba fihlelang ho - temoho le khethollo ea susumetsa ba bang ho ea ka matla a bona, molumo, tiisetso.

khethollo ea joalo o etsoang tsoa tsamaiso ea kutlo hore I. P. Pavlov bitsoa "tentacles ea boko." E mong le e semanolli receptor mesebetsi e manaka e lata ho susumetsa ba bang le ntse a botsolotsa a ha tikoloho: khanya kapa maqhubu a molumo, limolek'hule tsa lik'hemik'hale, lintlha meleng. mosebetsi Physiologically tlwaelehileng ntle le tsamaiso ea mokhelo kutlo e itšetlehile ka mosebetsi oa karohano pele, e bitsoang pheriferale, kapa receptor. Ho eena e simolohe ntle mokhelo, le selikalikoe reflex (reflexes).

mediators

Ena ntho biologically mafolofolo, ho phetha ho fetiswa ha nyakallo tloha neuron mong ho mehaho e 'ngoe e khethehileng - synapses. Di secreted ke axon neurocyte pele le ka liketso tsa ka susumetsang e, a etsa hore litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo ho receptor qetellong ea tlang methapo ea kutlo seleng. Ka lebaka leo, sebopeho le mosebetsi wa neurotransmitters le receptors li amana haufi-ufi. Ho feta moo, ba bang ba neurocytes ba ka khona ho lokolla mechine e 'meli kapa ho feta, mohlala, acid e glutamic le aspartic, adrenaline le GABA.