National leruo - ya moruo ... RF. Leruo ea sechaba ea Russia

Ho lumeloa hore leruo ea sechaba - sete ya thepa ya moruo ea naha, ho etsa bonnete ba bophelo ba batho, hammoho le ho hlahisa thepa le ditshebeletso. Kahoo re: mokgweng tsa State Statistics Komiti ea Russia. This sehlopha a moruo ba tsebahala ka 'nang a moruo wa mmuso, ka ho hlaka bontšang litebello tsa nako e telele ho hōla eona.

Hlokomela unit trust bohlokoa: khopolo ea leruo ea sechaba e senoloa ke sehlopha sena - matlotlo a moruo. Ka hare ho puso ea konstitutsialnye diyuniti na beng ba bona ba thabele melemo ea nkang lintho ka moruo. Ka lebaka la ho potlaka ha go baya leitlho e tsoelang pele ea pontshi ho fumana hore na ho atleha ha ba tsa moruo leano ea linaha tsohle kamehla fumana hōle kapa fokotseha

Sebelisoa ke mekhoa ea lefatše ea ho bala leruo ea sechaba e hlalosoa ka litsela tse peli: e le tsela ea ho finyella litekanyetso naha kapa ho leka-lekana.

mokhoa ho leka-lekana

leruo National ha bala ho leka-lekana e hlalosoa e le boleng letlooa tekano ka ho toba ho tloha sekaleng tafole ea thepa le melato (bona. Table 1), huleloa up bakeng sa mafapha tse sa tšoaneng tsa moruo. Sena se - ho sebelisa katamelo e ea setso ho Russia (pele - ho USSR) hore hlahisang pontshi sena e le pokello ea lihlahisoa tsa mosebetsi o boima, ke hore, leruo ea sechaba bokeletseng ka meloko e ka kopanelo le mehlodi ya tlhaho amehang mosebetsing oa ho hodisa moruo ...

Mokhoa oa tsamaiso ea melao-motheo ea ea sechaba

Leha ho le joalo, e le litsebi tse hlokomela, tsamaiso ea litlaleho ea sechaba ka katleho ho feta beha leruo ea sechaba. Sena ke - hlile atamela 'maraka, hobane SNA ke e leka-lekaneng sete ya litsupa bonahatsa e rarahaneng macro-moruo oa naha. Ho phaella ho thepa tse bonahalang bōptjoa ho sebetsa palo ea baahi, tsamaiso ea litlaleho ea sechaba hape o nahanela phapang pakeng tsa thepa tsa lichelete (2) le boikarabelo lichelete (3).

Tafole 1. Ka kakaretso sebopeho leruo ea sechaba

leruo National. sebopeho

Hlalosa hore na ke karolo e le karolo ea ea sechaba leruo Tsamaiso oona tsamaisong akhaonteng latellana ea sechaba, ka bokhutšoanyane hlalosa metsoako e.

thepa bao e seng tsa lichelete, ho ba le thepa ya diyuniti ditheong, ke mokhoa ya tlhahiso le melemo e bao e seng a moruo li ile tsa. Ka sebopeho sa eona, ba kenyeletsa thepa e tsitsitseng (difeme le batho bao e seng difeme), thepa jwale, hammoho le melao ea boitšoaro.

A tsobotsi bath ea thepa e tsitsitseng e thepa 'maloa linako tsa tsona ho ba le seabo ho ikatisa ea sechaba. Tsena li akarelletsa mehaho e le mehaho, mechine le thepa, ho tsamaisa le ho puisano, 'me joalo-joalo. Ba na le bokhoni ba ho fokotsa boleng bona ka lebaka la lintho tse bonahalang le tsa boitšoaro ho senyeha. boemo ba qhoaele ha thepa e tsitsitseng ea naha - e pontshi mosolotogamaano. Ka ho khetheha, ea Russia moruo ka phahameng ka ho hona joale e tsejoang ka karolo e khōlō ea depreciation ha thepa e tsitsitseng. Tlhabololwa ga bona - tataiso ea bohlokoa ea tsoelo-pele ea mmuso.

Inventories ha thepa jwale ya mofuta lintho tse bonahalang - e le thepa e itseng, e tala, lihlahisoa tsa fela, thepa ya hlahiswa bakeng sa sale, hammoho le reka ya Resale. karolo ea puso ka ntshetsopele ya lefapha la tlhahiso e haholo-holo e behilweng ke lona lik'hamphani lekaneng tshireletso sebetsa motse-moholo, ke "lintho tse bonahalang e tala" bakeng sa ho hlahisa (mafura, thepa, thepa e loketseng, fepa ka, peō le joalo-joalo.). Leha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa le hantle e thehilweng maqhama a moruo hore thibela sebopeho sa metšoasong ka tsela e feteletseng ea lihlahisoa qetile.

thepa lichelete e sa bonahaleng, e le hantle bona - boleng. Ba na le tšobotsi e khethehileng: ba batlang e le mong'a - matlotlo a lekanyelitsoeng ho mphato lona - tlamehang ho se etsa.

Tafole 2. Sebopeho sa leruo ea sechaba SNA Tsamaiso

Leha ho le joalo, lipalo le SNA se hlokomele sehlopha batlang e tšesaane, e mong oa litsupa o ka sehloohong oa leruo la ea sechaba - ntlha ea batho. karolo eo ae phethang sehlooho sena se tla boleloa hamorao. Hona joale, litšobotsi tse lona ikemiselitse ke entsprechen kang karolelano ba phela, ho Peresente ea baahi sebetsa mosebetsi oa ka ikhethang, e, le nako a sebetsang a mosebetsi, lelapa potoloho ea teng, tekanyo tsoalo.

leruo National. thepa, index

E hantle bohlokoa ke hore leruo ea sechaba - tekanyo e ke sa ee sa fetoleng boemo, empa liphetoho matla ha nako e ntse. E ikemiselitse ho letsatsi leha e le efe, boleng barrel.

Tabeng ya bobedi, e le ho se ho boletsoe, leruo ea sechaba (NB) heterogeneous. Ka lehlakoreng le leng - oa lirafshoa, ka tse ling tse - lihlahisoa tsa mosebetsi o boima. Ho boetse ho akarelletsa bobeli thepa lichelete le intangible.

Ea boraro, ea sechaba leruo litlaleho tse bakeng sa thepa eohle e nang le baahi, batho ka bomong le mekhatlo ea molao, esita le haeba e le naheng e 'ngoe.

dikarolo bath

Lipalo-palo li leruo ea sechaba - ha junifomo. Ke tsela e fapaneng le ho hlahloba metsoako e ea palo ena e rarahaneng hore ka tlhaho hlaha ho tloha mofuta oa eona. Haeba u ipotsa hore na mefuta ea bona, re ka tseba hore na categorization latelang:

1. Unplayable. Tsena li akarelletsa liminerale, mehloli ba khathetse (haholo-holo liindasteri mokhoa).

2. Playable. Ke potso ea botsoa ke shahlileng baahi ba thepa le ka merero ea tlhahiso le nonproduction.

3. Intangible. Sena ke - le tsebe-kamoo ba sechaba naheng e, generated ka maano a lona tsa sechaba, thuto le botho ka hare. Tsena li akarelletsa bophelo bo botle, kelello le tsoanelehele hlahelang.

4. Litlaleho leshwa linaheng tse ling le mekhatlo ea lichelete.

The entsprechen ka sehloohong

Lipalo-palo li leruo ea sechaba e thehiloe hlahloba entsprechen lona. Ka thuso ea bona, e rarahaneng e khantsitsoe ke boemo thepa ea boemo: ho dipharologanyo ea Banka National; tšebeliso ea hae ea 'muso e; dikarolo, chelete le sebopeho; sebopeho le boholo; mofuta oa ho ikatisa ea leruo naha le metsoako e; Karolo characterization.

Kahoo, Banka National e hlahisoa e le sete ya thepa tse bonahalang le mehlodi ya moruo, ho toba amang e atolositsoeng ho ikatisa sechabeng.

matlotlo a lefatše. Lipalo-palo

Russian Academy of Sciences hakanngoa lefatsheng palo yohle leruo ea sechaba. sekhahla sena o ne a ikemiselitse ka lebaka la litlaleho tsa ya data Banka ea Lefatše. boleng lona qalong ea XXI lekholong la lilemo la ka aggregate bakeng dinaheng tsohle e ne e le $ 550 libilione tse. Nahana ka mofuta o akaretsang oa boitsebiso boo. Kabelo ea motse-moholo oa batho e etsa ho fihlela karolo e khōlō - $ 350 litrillione, Natural Resources - $ 95 litrillione, liindasteri le matlotlo bao e seng e behang - $ 90 libilione tse.

Ho ea ka lipalo-palo, 50% ea leruo ea sechaba ea lefatše ke ea linaheng tse tsoetseng pele ba Europe Bophirimela, USA, Canada le Japane. Banka ea Sechaba ea United States e hakanyetsoa ho $ 24 litrillione, $ 95 litrillione leruo ea sechaba OPEC laola karolo e khōlō ea mehloli ea oli lefatšeng, 40% ya tlhahiso le lefatše lona litheko bakeng sa eona. Linaha tsa CIS pele e neng e ke ea Banka National, molao $ 80 libilione tse.

Ho ea ka bo-rasaense ba boletsoeng ka holimo ba hakanya leruo ea sechaba ea Russia e $ 60 libilione tse. The karolo ea ntlha ea batho ka eona - $ 30 litrillione, mehlodi ya tlhaho - $ 24 litrillione, liindasteri le batho bao e seng e behang thepa - $ 6 libilione tse.

Kabelo ka holimo ea lefatše 'me leruo ea sechaba bonahatsa Table 3.

Tafole 3. A sebopeho leruo ea sechaba

Leruo ea sechaba ea Russia

Characteristically, Russia ke ea Molemo multiple fetang linaha tse ling tse ka ho ya ka leruo ka moahi e mong (400 thous. $), Ke hofe ho ka makhetlo a mane ka karolelano ea lefatše. Tshohanyetso, ka karolelano segokanyipalo ea baahi Russia ka kilometer dari lisekoere ke 8,39 motho ha a le Fora palo eo e 119, ho Italy - 200,52, Jeremane - 229,12.

Tsotehang hlahlobo ya leruo ea sechaba ea Russia. Naha letlole la e - 12,5% ea lefatše. Russia ke halofo ea mehloli metsi a hloekileng lefatšeng, e fetang 50% ea batho ba batsho lefatše, batho ba fetang 60% ba meru phaene lefatšeng. metšoasong Russia ea lirafshoa tse khōlō haholo, ba ile ba lula le karolo e khōlō ea lirafshoa tsa lefatše. Ka ho khetheha, ho mehloli RF khase etsa 32% ea oli lefatšeng e - 13%; zinki - 15%; tšepe - 26%; k'habone - 11%; zinki - 15%; nikele - 36%.

Raw mofuta moruo

Litsebi li bolela hore moruo oa Federation ea Russia ka nako e le teng ke lihlahisoa tse tala. E bolela eng? A palo e khōlō ea oli e sa jese litheohelang le khase (ka 75%) e romeloa linaheng tse ling le feela kotara e chesa 'marakeng ruuoang. Ka sebopeho sa Russia o gdP tlhotla oli le khase lula kopanela bohlokoa: ka 32%, ha le boenjiniere lihlahisoa - ka 5%. Palo bobeli, ha re ntse re e utloisise, ha e le lumellane ho ka 'nang a moruo le tsa saense tsa Russia. taba tsohle ka nehelano ea sebele ea ho se ho hlokahala 'maraka oa lefatše lohle bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse tala ka lebaka la maano a protectionist tsa West ikutloeleng lihlahisoa skill- le motse-moholo matla ngotsweng "entsoe Russia".

Dipharologanyo ea tlhahiso ea oli Russia bontša kgolo ya tšekamelo. Hona joale, le bophahamo ba modumo ea tlhahiso ea eona e tsotehang haholo linomoro lithane tse halofo limilione tse sekete. Russia moruo e kotsing ea ho receipts chelete tloha rekisa oli, ho akarelletsa le bakeng sa matsete a lefapha la ea mechine, e le hore ho ea theknoloji e le lecha. E epilwe Russia, "khauta o motsho" Lethathamo 4 bontša.

Tafole 4: Russia oli

Boholo ba oli Russia (khoebo ea lebitso Urals) - 65% - hlahisoang sebakeng Tyumen. Leha ho le joalo, ka meepo e telele e tlang sebakeng sa tla fokola, ha ka nako e tšoanang le Bochabela bo Hōle le hōle thulametse ka Bochabela Siberia.

Esita le ho feta senoloa bochaba dipharologanyo khase Russia (bona. Table 5). Ho hlahloba litsupa ya moruo o ile a bontša ka mokhoa tšoenyang: ho reorientation ea moruo ka bokgoni ba ho lihlahisoa tse tala e feta ka lebelo la tsoelo-pele ea boenjiniere le ho phetha molao feela.

Tafole 5. dipharologanyo ea tlhahiso khase Russia

Leha ho le joalo, tekolo leruo ea sechaba Russia li tla fella ntle ditshitiso ka matla a atisiwa lona. Ba systemic. Ka Russia ka motse-moholo oa batho litlalehong ea sechaba leruo bakeng sa ho 50% ya lekana le, ya lirafshoa - 32% ea tlhahiso-moholo le ho bao e seng tlhahiso, ka ho latellana - 18%. Ka nako e tšoanang, leruo ea sechaba ea linaha tsa Bophirimela European, palo ea lona lebaka batho ke 78,4%.

Karolo e phethoang ka sehloohong sa ntlha ea batho tsamaisong ena ea leruo ea sechaba

Ho latela litsebi, eseng feela mantsoe a boleng feletseng, empa e boetse e le sebōpeho sa leruo ea sechaba ke ntho ea bohlokoa ka boemo boiketlo. The tsa moruo tsa sekolo Chicago ka 70s ea tse lekholo tse fetileng o ile a sibolloa bohlokoa ka sebōpeho sa Banka ea National tsa karolo ea itlhommeng pele ka ho e bapaloang ke lona lebaka batho. Re ho se ho boletsoe hore boleng lona e laolwang ke dikarolo 'maloa: boleng le ba phela, thuto le tlhahiso ea tebileng ka motho. Ha kotara ea lekholo tse fetileng, e Russia Federation ka index ea ena e le sebakeng se 23th, ba hona joale - 66th.

Thekiso kapa senya khahlanong le ntlha ea batho?

likarolo tse sa tšoaneng tsa leruo ea sechaba na maemo a fapaneng ba nahanela ho mathata a moruo. The qaloang bakeng sa boikemisetso ba motse-moholo oa motho ha o fa tekolo ea eona ea 'marakeng malapeng mosebetsi o boima.

Habohlokoa ke hore nakong ena tsosoloso theko ka ya mmuso, tlhahiso e le hantle zeroed. theko ena e nyenyane e ne e ka lebaka la ditheko ba naha eo. Ka lebaka leo, ho entrepreneur intermediary ne le monyetla oa ho etsa khopolo-taba ke karolo e itseng ka makhetlo a leshome e khōloanyane ea gdP ho feta basebetsi ba nang le tsebo le liindasteri.

Nakong ea thekiso USSR thepa e behang boleng ka mosebetsi o boima hakanngoa beng e ncha ka ho fapaneng 0,1 - 0.5 $, th .. Bakeng sa papiso, boikemisetso ba theko mebaraka ya lik'hamphani US e thehiloeng boleng ba le basebetsi ba 100 tse sekete. $. Ka ho khetheha, khampani ZIL le lekholo-sekete basebetsi ile rekisoe bakeng sa $ limilione tse 16. Ka tsela e tšoanang rekisoe Uralmash, Gaz, 'me tse ling tse ngata oona tsamaisong kgwebo.

Ho sokolla le Serussia moruo, ho latela dipehelo tsa "Washington tumellano" ka 1990 ba ne ba sa fetole lekalekane tsena. Ka thata ka chelete leano, hammoho le kgololesego khoebo ea ha lokisa boemo boo. Hona joale, ka Serussia Federation 20% ea chelete lahloang, u se ke ua fana ka moputso e phelang ka setho sa lelapa. Bakeng sa ho ikatisa ea ntlha ea batho (haholo-holo ka ho etsa thepa), ha rea lokela targeted maano a sechaba le tsa moruo.

bofello

Leruo ea sechaba ea Federation ea Russia ka sethaleng joale hloka revaluation bohlokoa tsa metsoako e ho hlahisa dipharologanyo kgolo ya tsitsitseng. Ntho ea bohlokoa ke ho eketsa palo ea motse-moholo oa batho. Ho etsa sena, ho fana ka chelete le matlotlo a eketsehileng. The oligarchs tla ba le ho arolelana bona "sengoathoana sa kaka" ea gdP Russia, e leng se ba li jang le ho isoa dibanka mobung Bophirimela.

Kahoo khoebo batho, hlolloa ke maximizing chelete e kenang ea bona, e tla hoo e ka bang le maikutlo a hore le dipeeletso tsa motse-moholo batho ba Russia ba - the chelete e ngata ka ho fetisisa, 'me u ithute mokhoa oa ho etsa hore ba hlophisehileng. Mohlomong u ka khopolo ena e lokela ho ba e lekaneng ho "ho hlalosa" ho oligarchs naha.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, e tla boela ho be le ka ya tlhokeho le tsa dibopeho tsa motheo e khethehileng, taolo le hlokomela ka bokgoni ba ho dipeeletso ntlha ea batho.