Lithaba tsa phutha Baikal: mehlala

histori All Geological ea Lefatše (lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse 4,5 lilemong tse) e kenyeleditsweng ka e nyenyane geochronological tafole hlophiswa ka ho bo-rasaense. Nakong ena, ba ile ba arohana 'me ba fallele lik'honthinenteng le maoatleng li fetohile boemo ba bona. Holim 'a lefatše la rōna thehoa lithaba, joale ba li ile tsa senyeha,' me joale sebakeng sa bona ho ile ha hlaha le lecha lithaba - esita le khōloanyane le esita le e phahameng.

Sehlooho sena se bua ka mong oa epochs pele-pele ea Lefatše phutha - ka Baikal. nka nako e kae e ile ea nka? Eo lithaba li itlhahela ka nako ena? Le ke seo lithaba tsa Baikal phutha - phahameng kapa tlaase?

Mehleng ea phutha Earth

Histori eohle ea moaho lithaba ka polanete ea rōna e aroloa ke bo-rasaense ba ka linako tse tloaelehileng, le linako, le ba bitsa phutha. Re ile ra etsa sona haholo-holo bakeng sa boiketlo. Ya e le hantle, ho na le ha ho na khefu ka sebopeho sa holim'a lefatše e-s'o ka.

Kakaretso ea palo ea linako joalo historing ea lefatše ikhethang tse tšeletseng. The phutha khale - Archean, le tsa morao-rao - Alpine, eo e tsoela pele kajeno. Ho tse thathamisitsoeng mona ka tlase ke tsohle phutha Geological ea Lefatše, e le hore ka tatellano ea liketsahalo:

• Archean (lilemo tse limilione tse likete tse 4,5-1,2 fetileng).
• Baikal (lilemo tse limilione tse likete tse 1,2-0,5 fetileng).
• Caledonian (lilemo tse limilione tse 500-400 fetileng).
• Hercynian (lilemo tse limilione tse 400-230 fetileng).
• Mesozoic (lilemo tse milione 160-65 fetileng).
• Alpine (lilemo tse limilione tse 65 tse fetileng ho ka letsatsi joale).

Geomorphology dibopeho hore ho ile ha thehoa ka ka lilemo lithaba thepa ea mohaho o bitsoa loketseng - Baikalides, Hercynides, Caledonides jj ...

Hlahlamang re tla dintlha lithaba tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa ea phutha Baikal. Re bolella moo ba leng teng le kamoo ho ka sheba kwa.

Baikal lesaka: moralo wa ka tatellano ea liketsahalo le litšobotsi tse akaretsang tsa ho mehla ea

Mehleng ea orogeny lefatše, koahela ea nako tloha ka ba lilemo tsa bo-650 ho ea ho tse 550 ba Geological histori Lefatše (Riphean - Cambrian), ka tloaelo a bitsoang phutha Baikal. E ile ea qala ka limilione tse likete tse 1.2 lilemong tse fetileng 'me a qetella ka bang limilione tse 500 tse fetileng. mehla Geological e ile ea rehelloa Lake Baikal, kaha ke karolo e ka boroa ea Siberia ho ile ha thehoa ka nako ena. Poleloana e reng o ne a pele sebelisoa ke Russia jioloji Nikolai Shatsky ka 30-ogy.

The phutha Baikal, phutha ka lebaka la Tshebediso ya ya dithulaganyo tsa volcanism le granitisation ka karolong e ka holimo ea lefatše, ha thehoa 'maloa ba dibopeho tse ncha Geological ka' mele oa polanete ea rōna. E le busa, thuto joalo ho ile ha hlaha mathōkong a platforms boholo-holo.

Tloaelehileng le lithabeng Baikal phutha ka fumanoa naheng ea Russia. Ena, ka mohlala, Khamar-Daban lithaba ka Buryatia le Timan Ridge ka leboea. Joang ba sheba kwa? Lithaba tsa phutha Baikal tla phahameng kapa tlaase? A re ke re araba ea potso ena.

Ho joang Baikalides

Baikalides ho ile ha thehoa ka nako e telele e fetileng. Esita le ka maemo a nako Geological. Ke ka lebaka leo e utloahalang hore boholo ba bona ba hona joale ka boemo ba motho ba sohlokehileng. Bakeng sa batho ba limilione ba lilemo, dibopeho tsena li ne li behoa tlas'a denudation a sebetsang a ba ne ba felisoa ke liphetoho moea, pula, mocheso. Kahoo, lithabeng tsa phutha Baikal ke tlaase kapa e leka-lekaneng le bophahamo.

Ha e le hantle, Baikalides bophahamong seoelo feta limithara tse 2000 ka holimo ho bophahamo ba leoatle. Sena se ka habonolo bone haeba re bapisa le limmapa meleng le tectonic ea Lefatše. Ka limmapa Geological le tectonic tsa lithaba tsa phutha Baikal, e le busa, ba tšoailoe pherese.

Leha ho le joalo, ho Baikalides ea boholo-holo likarolong tse ngata tsa lefatše li 'nile tsa mokhoa o sa fellang hlaphoheloa (hlasimolohile) hamorao Alpine mekhatlo tectonic. Ho joalo, mohlala, ho ile ha etsahala'ng ka Caucasus le Turkey.

Le dibopeho Geological tsa Baikal phutha ho fetisisa ka tloaelo amanang mehloli e khōlō ea tšepe batho bao e seng ferrous. Kahoo, ka hare ho bona ba o ile a lokisetsa ho mobung morui, ea mercury, thini, zinki, koporo le thini.

Lithaba tsa phutha Baikal: mehlala

lihlopha Geological tsa mehleng ena li fumanoa likarolong tse fapaneng tsa lefatše. Ba Russia le Kazakhstan, Iran, Turkey, India, France le Australia. Baikalides teng ka mabōpong a Leoatle le Lefubelu 'me a mokhoa o sa fellang koahela naha ea Brazil.

Ho bohlokwa ho ela hloko hore lentsoe "Baikal phutha" ho tloaelehile feela lingoliloeng tsa saense tsa sebaka poso-ba Soviet Union. Linaheng tse ling, ka nako ena e bitsoa ka tsela e fapaneng. Ho joalo, ho etsa mohlala, Europe e ka nako ea tsamaisana Kadoma le phutha Assyntian, Australia - Luinskaya, Brazil - Brazil lebitso tšoanang.

Ka hare ho Russia ho Baikalides tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa ho nkoa geomorphology sebopeho:

• Bochabela Sayan.
• Khamar-Daban.
• Baikal Mountains.
• Yenisei Ridge.
• Timan Ridge.
• Patom Highlands.

Baikal le lithabeng phutha Russia. Baikal Mountains

Lebitso la ena mefuta e fapaneng lithaba ke selumisoa le lebitso la epoch re hlahloba orogeny. Ka hona, ho re tla qala ka sehloohong e khethollang Baikalides Russia.

Baikal Mountains sehelane moeli le beisine ea Lake ho tswa ho lehlakoreng le ka leboea-bophirimela. Ho itšetlehile ka hara sebaka Irkutsk le Buryatia. Bolelele kakaretso ea orilla ke km 300.

Karolong e ka leboea ea sebopeho Geological tsoela pele bonwang Ridge Akitkan. Bophahamo karolelano ea Baikalides ena Range ho pakeng tsa limithara tse 1800-2100. Ntlha phahameng ka ho fetisisa ya orilla ea - ho Cherskogo holimo (2588 limithara). thabeng e bitsoang ho tlotla jeokrafi le, ea ileng a etsa monehelo o moholo ho ithuta mofuta wa sebaka Baikal.

bochabela Sayan Mountains

Bochabela Sayan Mountains - kholo ka ho fetisisa lithaba karolong e ka boroa Siberia, otlolla hoo e ka bang likete tse km. Mohlomong matla ka ho fetisisa har'a Baikalides Russia. Ntlha phahameng ka ho fetisisa fihla 3491 East Sajana mitha (Mountain Munch-Sardyk).

Bochabela Sayans qapa haholo-holo ea ka thata bonaletsang lefika - gneiss, quartzite, amphibolite le 'mabole. Ka bolibeng lona sibolla mobung e khōlō ea khauta, bauxite le graphite. Nkoa e le ntle ka ho fetisisa li susumelletsa bochabela ea lithaba, bitsoa ke bahahlauli Tunkinskie Alps.

Ka ho fetisisa tsoetseng pele (ka ho ya ka orographic) East Sajana karolo e bohareng. Ho na le e massifs phahameng lithaba, tse tsejoang ka limela subalpine le mofuta landschap. Hara Bochabela Sayan kurums atile. Ena ke sebakeng seo e khōlō ea mobung lejoe, e bopilweng ka likhechana mahoashe a mafika tsa boholo bo sa tšoaneng.

lithaba Byrranga

Byrranga - nngwe tse thahasellisang le lithabeng tsa phutha Baikal. Ba leng teng ka ka leboea Taimyr Hloahloeng. Mountains ke letoto la maporogo motho, lithoteng maqhubu le lihlaba, likhohlo tebileng le matsutla-tsutla ka senoelong liphula. Bolelele palo yohle ya lithaba - ka 1.100 km.

"Ho na le 'muso oa meea e khopo, lejoe, leqhoa le ha ho letho le ho feta" - kahoo o ile a ngola mabapi le libaka tsena Nganasans, baemeli ba e' ngoe ea lichaba ke matsoalloa a moo ba Siberia. Pele e lekanya le lithabeng tseo Byrranga Russia mofuputsi Alexander Middendorf.

lithabeng tsena ba tlaase haholo. Le hoja ba batla ntle tsotehang e le hore e teng e nepahetseng ka leoatleng. Palo e kahodimodimo bophahamo ba ntlha e limithara tse 1146 feela. Ea liphallelo sena kgatlhanang lithaba e sa tšoaneng haholo. Mona o ka bona moepa le bonolo matsoapong, a bataletse 'me nchocho litlhōrō, hammoho le mefuta e fapaneng ea tonanahali ea mefuta leqhoa.

Yenisei le Timan Ridge

Baikalides tloaelana le Russia, re tla qeta tlhaloso ea maporogo tse peli - sa Yenisei le Timan. Ea pele e teng ka hara Central Siberia Plateau , 'me feela libakeng tse ling, limithara tse fetang sekete le bophahamo. Yenisei Ridge rarahaneng ea boholo-holo 'me ka thata haholo mafika - conglomerates, shales, sandstones le maraba. Sebopeho ruileng ka tšepe manya, bauxite le khauta.

Timan Ridge e leng karolong e ka leboea ea naha. Ho otlolla tloha Leoatleng Barents theoha le lebōpo la leoatle le ke le haufi le ho Ural Mountains. Bolelele palo yohle ya lithaba - ka tse 950 Km. Bolen bontša length of ka liphallelo. Ho fetisisa phahamisa karolo lona bohareng, e leng ntlha phahameng ka ho fetisisa - Chetlassky Lejoe (bophahamo ba limithara le 471 feela). Joaloka litho tse ling tsa mohaho oa phutha Baikal, Timan Ridge ruileng ka liminerale (thaethaniamo, bauxite, agate, joalo-joalo).