Liprotheine tse bonolo le tse rarahaneng. Sebaka, mesebetsi, thepa, litšobotsi, mehlala ea liprotheine tse rarahaneng

E 'ngoe ea litlhaloso tsa bophelo ke ka tsela e latelang: "Bophelo ke tsela ea ho ba le li-proteine' mele." Lefatšeng la rona, ntle ho tekano, likokoana-hloko li na le lintho tse joalo tse phelang joaloka liprotheine. Metsing ena, liprotheine tse bonolo le tse rarahaneng li tla hlalosoa, ho se tšoane hoa moralo oa limolek'hule ho tla khethoa, 'me mesebetsi ea bona ka seleng e tla hlahlojoa.

Liprotheine ke eng?

Mabapi le likokoana-hloko - ke limolek'hule tse ngata tsa limolek'hule tse nang le li-amino acid tse 20. Li kopantsoe hammoho ke litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale tse kopanetsoeng, tse ling tse bitsoang li-peptide bonds. Kaha liprotheine li monate ke li- amphoteric metsoako, li na le sehlopha sa amino le sehlopha se sebetsang sa carboxyl. Kamano ea lik'hemik'hale ea CO-NH e hlaha pakeng tsa bona.

Haeba polypeptide e na le lihlahisoa tsa li-amino acid, e theha protheine e bonolo. Limolek'hule tse ngata tse nang le li-ions tsa tšepe, li-vithamine, li-nucleotide, lik'habohaedreite ke liprotheine tse rarahaneng. Ka mor'a moo, re nahana ka sebopeho sa libaka tsa polypeptides.

Methati ea ho hlophisa limolek'hule tsa protheine

Li emetsoe ke lihlopha tse 'nè tse fapaneng. Sebopeho sa pele ke se lekaneng, ke se bonolo ebile se na le sebopeho sa ketane ea polypeptide, ha se ntse se phalla se hlahisa likarolo tse eketsehileng tsa hydrogen. Ba tsitsisa ho tsitsa, e bitsoang sebopeho sa bobeli. Mekhatlo ea maemo a phahameng e na le liprotheine tse bonolo le tse rarahaneng, lisele tse ngata tsa limela le liphoofolo. Sephetho sa ho qetela - se Quaternary, se hlahisoa ke ho sebelisana ha limolek'hule tse 'maloa tsa moahi oa tlhaho, tse kopantsoe ke coenzymes, mohaho o joalo o na le liprotheine tse rarahaneng tse etsang mesebetsi e fapaneng' meleng.

Li-protein tse sa tšoaneng

Sehlopha sena sa polypeptides ha se ngata. Limolek'hule tsa bona li na le litlhaka tsa amino acid feela. Liprotheine li kenyelletsa, mohlala, histones le globulins. Ea pele e emetsoe mohahong oa nucleus 'me e kopantsoe le limolek'hule tsa DNA. Sehlopha sa bobeli - li-globulin - li nkoa e le karolo e ka sehloohong ea mali a mali. Protheine e kang gamma globulin e sebetsa joaloka tšireletso ea 'mele' me ke antibody. Lik'hemik'hale tsena li ka theha li-complexes, tse kenyeletsang lik'habohaedreite tse rarahaneng le liprotheine. Liprotheine tse bonolo tse joalo tsa fibrillar, tse kang collagen le elastin, ke karolo ea mahlahahlaha, li-cartilage, li-tendon le letlalo. Mosebetsi oa bona o ka sehloohong ke oa kaho le ts'ehetso.

Li-protein tubulin ke karolo ea likokoana-hloko, tse leng likarolo tsa cilia le flagella tsa likokoana-hloko tse joalo, joaloka li-infusorians, euglens, parasitic flagellates. Protheine e tšoanang ke karolo ea likokoana-hloko tse ngata (flagella ea spermatozoa, cilia ea oocyte, ciliate epithelium ea mala a manyenyane).

Protheine albumine e etsa mosebetsi oa polokelo (mohlala, protheine ea mahe a khōhō). Ho endosperm ea peo ea lijo-thollo - rye, raese, koro-liprotheine tsa liprotheine li bokella. Li bitsoa lik'homphieutha inclusions. Lintho tsena li sebelisa kokoana-hloko ea peō qalong ea tsoelo-pele ea bona. Ho phaella moo, liprotheine tse phahameng lihlahisoa tsa koro ke pontšo ea bohlokoa ea boleng ba phofo. Bohobe, bo entsoeng phofo e nang le gluten, bo na le litšobotsi tse phahameng 'me bo na le thuso. Gluten e na le mefuta e mengata ea koro e tiileng. Plasma ea mali ea litlhapi tse tebileng-leoatleng e na le liprotheine tse thibelang lefu la tsona serame. Li na le thepa ea antifreeze, e thibelang lefu la 'mele maemong a tlaase a metsi. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lerako la sele ea lik'hemik'hale tsa thermophilic tse phelang mehloling ea geothermal li na le liprotheine tse ka bolokang tlhaho ea tsona ea tlhaho (thuto ea phahameng kapa ea quaternary) 'me u se ke ua denature mocheso ho tloha ho 50 ho ea ho 90 ° C.

Liprotheine

Tsena ke liprotheine tse rarahaneng, tse khetholloang ka mefuta e mengata e fapaneng mabapi le mesebetsi e sa tšoaneng e etsoang ke bona. Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, sehlopha sena sa polypeptides, ho phaella ho karolo ea protheine, se na le sehlopha sa maiketsetso. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea lintho tse fapa-fapaneng, tse kang mocheso o phahameng, salts e matla, li-alkali le li-acid, liprotheine tse rarahaneng li ka fetola sebōpeho sa sebaka sa tsona, sa se nolofatsa. Ketsahalo ena e bitsoa denaturation. Sebopeho sa liprotheine tse rarahaneng li robehile, likaroloana tsa haedrojene lia robeha, 'me limolek'hule li lahleheloa ke thepa le mesebetsi ea tsona. Ka molao, ho nyatsa ha ho khonehe. Empa ho tse ling tsa polypeptides tse etsang li-catalytic, motor le signal, ho tsosolosoa hoa khoneha - tsosoloso ea sebopeho sa tlhaho ea protheine.

Haeba ketso ea tšenyo e etsahala ka nako e telele, molek'hule ea protheine e oa ka ho feletseng. Sena se baka phapanyetsano ea peptide ea mohaho o ka sehloohong. Ho se ho le thata ho tsosolosa protheine le mesebetsi ea eona. Ketsahalo ena e bitsoa timetso. Mohlala ke ho pheha mahe a khōhō: albumen ea metsi, e leng mohahong o phahameng, e timetsoa ka ho feletseng.

Likokoana-hloko tsa liprotheine

Re boetse rea hopola hore sebopeho sa li-polypeptide tsa lintho tse phelang li kenyelletsa li-amino acid tse 20, tseo ho tsona ho leng thata ho li beha. Hona ke lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, joalo-joalo. Ba kenella mali ho tsoa maleng a manyenyane ka mor'a ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tsa protheine ho eona. Ho etsa li-amino acid tse feto-fetohang (alanine, proline, serine), li-fungus le liphoofolo li sebelisa metsoako e nang le naetrojene. Limela, ha li e-na le li-autotrophe, li ikemela ka ho iketsetsa lihlahisoa tsohle tse hlokahalang, tse emelang liprotheine tse rarahaneng. Bakeng sa sena, nitrate, ammonia kapa naetrojene mahala li sebelisoa ka tsela ea ho etsa joalo. Likokoana-hloko, lihloliloeng tse ling li fana ka setho se feletseng sa amino acid, ha ho tse ling feela li-monomer tse ling li kopanngoa. Mehato ea protheine ea biosynthese e etsahala lisele tsa lintho tsohle tse phelang. Khaleng ena ho na le phetolelo, le ka cytoplasm ea - ho fetolela seleng.

Mohato oa pele - ho qalisoa ha pele-pele ea mRNA ho etsahala ka karolo ea RNA polymerase ea enzyme. E pshatla litlamo tsa hydrogen pakeng tsa DNA, 'me ho e' ngoe ea tsona, motheong oa kholisano, e bokella molek'hule ea pre-iRNA. E na le ho phunyeletsa, ke hore, e butsoitseng, ebe e tlohela mokokotlo ka har'a cytoplasm, e etsa setho sa matrix ribonucleic acid.

Ho phethahatsa mohato oa bobeli, ho hlokahala hore u be le li-organelles - ribosomes tse khethehileng, hammoho le limolek'hule tsa tlhahisoleseding le tsa lipalangoang tsa ribonucleic acids. Boemo bo bong bo bohlokwa ke ho ba teng ha limolek'hule tsa ATP, kaha liphetoho tsa phapanyetsano ea polasetiki, eo likokoana-hloko tsa liprotheine li nang le eona, li etsahala ka ho hlola matla.

Li-enzyme, sebopeho sa bona le mesebetsi ea bona

Ena ke sehlopha se seholo sa liprotheine (hoo e ka bang ka 2000), se bapala karolo ea lintho tse amanang le tekanyo ea lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale ka lisele. Li ka ba tse bonolo (trypsin, pepsin) kapa tse rarahaneng. Liprotheine tse rarahaneng li na le coenzyme le apoenzyme. Ntho e ikhethileng ea protheine ka boeona le lik'hemik'hale tseo e sebetsang ho tsona e etsa hore coenzyme e sebetse, mme mosebetsi oa liprotheine o hlokomeloa feela ha karolo ea protheine e amana le apoenzyme. Ts'ebetso ea motsoako ea enzyme ha e itšetlehe ka molek'hule eohle, empa ke feela sebakeng se sebetsang. Sebopeho sa sona se lumellana le lik'hemik'hale tsa motsoako oa motsoako ka mokhoa oa "key-locking", ka hona liketso tsa li-enzyme li totobetse ka ho toba. Mesebetsi ea liprotheine tse rarahaneng e kenyeletsa ho kopanela mekhoeng ea metsoako, le ho e sebelisa e le ba amohelang.

Lihlopha tsa liprotheine tse rarahaneng

Li ile tsa hlahisoa ke litsebi tsa lik'hemik'hale, tse thehiloeng lits'ebetsong tse tharo: lisebelisoa tsa 'mele le lik'hemik'hale, litšoaneleho tsa sebetsang le likarolo tse itseng tsa liprotheine. Sehlopha sa pele se akarelletsa li-polypeptides, tse fapaneng le li-electrochemical properties. Li arotsoe ka mantlha, li sa nke lehlakore ebile li le mahlahahlaha. Mabapi le metsi, liprotheine e ka ba hydrophilic, amphiphilic le hydrophobic. Sehlopha sa bobeli se kenyeletsa li-enzyme, tseo re neng re li nahanngoa pejana. Sehlopha sa boraro se akarelletsa li-polypeptides tse fapaneng le lik'hemik'hale tsa lihlopha tsa maiketsetso (tsena ke chromoproteins, nucleoproteins, metalloproteins).

Nahana ka matlotlo a liprotheine tse rarahaneng haholoanyane. Ka mohlala, protheine ea acidic, e leng karolo ea ribosomes, e na le li-amino acid tse 120 'me e pharaletseng. E fumanoa liprotheine-synthesizing organelles, lisele tse peli tsa prokaryotic le eukaryotic. Moemeli e mong oa sehlopha sena ke protheine ea S-100, e nang le liketane tse peli tse kopantsoeng ke ione ea calcium. Ke karolo ea li-neuron le neuroglia - lisele tse tšehetsang tsamaiso ea methapo. Matlotlo a tloaelehileng a liprotheine tsohle tsa acidic ke lintho tse phahameng tsa dibasic carboxylic acids: glutamic le aspartic. Liprotheine tsa alkaline li kenyelletsa histones - liprotheine tse karolo ea nucleic acids ea DNA le RNA. Tšobotsi ea lik'hemik'hale tsa tsona ke lysine le arginine e ngata. Histones hammoho le chromatin ea li-chromosome tsa mofuta oa nucleus - mehaho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea lisele tsa lisele. Liprotheine tsena li kenyelelitsoe ts'ebetsong ea phetolelo le phetolelo. Liprotheine tsa Amphiphilic li emela boholo ba li-cell membrane, li etsa lipoprotein bilayer. Ka hona, ka mor'a hore re ithute lihlopha tsa liprotheine tse rarahaneng tse boletsoeng ka holimo, re ne re kholisehile hore thepa ea bona ea lintho tse phelang e bakoa ke sebopeho sa liprotheine le lihlopha tsa maiketsetso.

Liprotheine tse ling tse rarahaneng tsa lisele tsa lisele li khona ho lemoha le ho itšoara ka lik'hemik'hale tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale, ka mohlala, li-antigens ,. Ena ke ts'ebetso ea liprotheine, ke habohlokoa haholo bakeng sa mekhoa ea ho khetholla lintho tse tsoang tikolohong le ho sireletsa.

Li-glycoprotein le li-proteoglycans

Ke liprotheine tse rarahaneng tse fapaneng le lihlopha tsa maiketsetso. Haeba likaroloana tsa lik'hemik'hale pakeng tsa karolo ea protheine le karolo ea lik'habohaedreite ke covalent-glycosidic, lintho tse joalo li bitsoa glycoprotein. Li-apoenzymes li emeloa ke limolek'hule tsa mono-le-oligosaccharides, mehlala ea liprotheine tse joalo ke prothrombin, fibrinogen (liprotheine tse amehang ka ho kopanya mali). Li-hormone tsa Cortico-le gonadotropic, li-interferon, li-enzyme tsa mochine li boetse li na le glycoprotein. Limolek'hule tsa proteoglycan, karolo ea protheine e na le 5% feela, e meng kaofela e le sehlopheng sa li-prosthetic (heteropolysaccharide). Likarolo tsena ka bobeli li kopantsoe ke tlamo ea glycosidic ea sehlopha OH-threonine le arginine le sehlopha sa NH₂-glutamine le lysine. Limolek'hule tsa li-proteoglycans li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa haholo metsing ea letsoai-metabolism ea lisele. Ka tlase tafole ea liprotheine tse rarahaneng tse ithutoang ke rona.

Metalloproteins

Lintho tsena li na le li-ions tse le 'ngoe kapa tse' maloa ka limolek'hule tsa tsona. Nahana ka mehlala ea liprotheine tse rarahaneng tsa sehlopha se boletsoeng ka holimo. Tsena ke li-enzyme, tse kang cytochrome oxidase. E teng holim'a likristale tsa mitochondria mme e etsa hore ho sebelisoe motlakase oa ATP. Ferrin le transferrin - liprotheine tse nang le li-ion tsa tšepe. Ea pele e ba kenya liseleng, 'me ea bobeli ke protheine ea lipalangoang ea mali. Seteloprotheine e 'ngoe ke alpha-amelase, e nang le li-ions tsa calcium, ke karolo ea marotholi le lero la pancreatic, e kenyang letsoho la starch. Hemoglobin ke metalloprotein le chromoprotein. E sebetsa joaloka protheine ea lipalangoang, e jereng oksijene. Ka lebaka leo, ho thehoa motsoako oa okhemoglobin. Ha carbon monoxide e kenyelletsoa, ho seng joalo e bitsoa carbon monoxide, limolek'hule tsa eona li etsa metsoako e tsitsitseng haholo le hemoglobin ea erythrocyte. E potlakela ho fetela lithong le lisele, tse baka chefo ea lisele. Ka lebaka leo, ka ho phalla ha nako e telele ka carbon monoxide ho hlaha lefu la ho ferekana. Hemoglobin e mamellana habonolo le carbon dioxide, e thehiloeng mekhoeng ea catabolism. Ka tšollo ea mali, carbon dioxide e kenella matšoafong le liphio, 'me ho tsona ho kena moeeng o ka ntle. Libakeng tse ling tsa crustaceans le mollusks, protheine ea lipalangoang e fetisang oksijene e bitsoang hemocyanin. Ho e-na le tšepe, e na le li-ion tsa koporo, kahoo mali a liphoofolo ha a khubelu, empa a le buluu.

Mesebetsi ea chlorophyll

Joalokaha re boletse pejana, liprotheine tse rarahaneng li ka theha lik'hemik'hale tse nang le li-pigments - lintho tse phelang tse mebala. 'Mala oa bona o itšetlehile ka lihlopha tsa chromo, tse khethollang litšoantšo tse itseng tsa letsatsi. Lisele tsa limela ho na le li-plastide tse tala - li-chloroplast tse nang le chlorophyll ea pigment. Sebopeho sa eona se akarelletsa liathomo tsa magnesium le polyatomic alcohol phytol. Li kopantsoe le limolek'hule tsa protheine, 'me li-chloroplast ka boeona li na le thylakoids (lipoleiti), kapa likokoana-hloko, tse kenngoeng ka li-granules. Li na le li-pigy photosynthetic - chlorophylls - le tse ling tsa carotenoids. Mona ke lisebelisoa tsohle tse sebelisetsoang ho itšoara ha photosynthetic. Ka lebaka leo, chromoprotein, eo chlorophyll e leng eona, e etsa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa metabolism, e leng, ka ho hlaka le ho senya maikutlo.

Liprotheine tse nang le kokoana-hloko

Li na le baemeli ba mefuta e sa sebetsang ea bophelo e leng karolo ea 'Muso oa Vir. Li-virus ha li na liprotheine tsa ho etsa lihlahisoa. Nucleic acids, DNA kapa RNA, e ka etsa hore li-particle tsa tsona li qale ka tsona, li tšoaelitsoe ke kokoana-hloko. Likokoana-hloko tse bonolo li na le limolek'hule tse nang le liprotheine tse kopantsoeng li kopantsoe ka mekhoa ea sebopeho sa li-polythralral, tse kang kokoana-hloko ea koae. Likokoana-hloko tse nang le lik'hemik'hale li na le lesela le eketsehileng le etsang karolo ea karoloana ea plasma ea sele e amohelehang. E ka kenyelletsa li-glycoprotein (kokoana-hloko ea hepatitis B, kokoana-hloko ea sekholopane). Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa li-glycoprotein ke ho amoheloa ha li-receptor tse khethehileng holim'a lehare la sele e amohelehang. Li-enfelopo tse ling tsa kokoana-hloko li boetse li kenyelletsa liprotheine tse nang le enzyme tse fanang ka phetolelo ea DNA kapa RNA phetolelo. Ho latela se boletsoeng ka holimo, re ka fihlela qeto e latelang: liprotheine tsa li-enfelopo tsa likaroloana tsa kokoana-hloko li na le mohaho o itseng, ho itšetlehile ka liprotheine tsa membrane tsa sele e amohelehang.

Sehloohong sena, re ile ra fana ka litlhaloso tsa liprotheine tse rarahaneng, ra ithuta libopeho le mesebetsi ea tsona lisele tsa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea lintho tse phelang.