Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea alkenes (olefins)

Olefins - hydrocarbons eo molek'hule e 'ngoe habeli tlamo e. Ka linako tse ling metsoako joale e bitsoang hydrocarbons ethylene letoto lena. Tlamo habeli ka molek'hule e habonolo khetholloa ka and analysis spectral.

thepa ya moaho wa alkenes

Pele litho tse tharo tsa ho homologous series tsa alkenes - likhase. Ho tswa ho bohlano ho metso e tšeletseng - mokelikeli, phahameng boima alkenes limolek'hule --butle. Le eketseha le ho eketseha ho hydrocarbon ketane bolelele belang ntlha dintho. Ka maemo a laboratoring, dintho tsena ka fumanoa ka litsela tse ngata: ke dehydrogenation tsa alkenes ke ho petsoha oli e tala, dehydrogenation tsa alcohols.

Ho petsoha ea oli - mokhoa liindasteri ho hlahisa hydrocarbons unsaturated. Ka lebaka leo, mogote ho petsoha oli halefile ho likhato 750, ho alkane hydrocarbon masapo e robehile:

S30N62 → S15N30 + S15N32

Dehydrogenation tsa alkanes. Tshebetso ena e etsoa ka mocheso oa ka bang 600 likhato. Tlas'a maemo ana, e ba phelelang ho hydrocarbon molek'hule ke H liathomo tse khomaretse ho theha alkenes, ka mohlala: → S5N12 S5N10 + H2.

Dehydration tsa alcohols. alcohols Monohydric sebelisana le asiti sulfate foromo alkenes, ka mohlala: S4N9ON → C4H8 + H2O.

Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea alkenes amanang le ho ba teng ka molek'hule bona tlamo e habeli. The segokanyipalo sa le elektrone e pakeng tsa liathomo, e leng tlamo e habeli ke phahameng ho feta pakeng tsa liathomo C amana ka litlamo le 'ngoe. Mofuta o ka sehloohong oa itšoara joang, e leng se tla alkenes - kamohelo, tsamaea le Pi-khefu ka lebaka la ho sebopeho sa tse peli litlamo le lecha Sigma. Olefins kena molekyler itšoara joang, e leng o boetse o tsamaea le bokaholimo ba matsoele la litlamo tsa habeli.

Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea alkenes: ikopanya halides

Olefins hokela habonolo ka lifahleho ho sulphonate hydrogen molek'hule, ka tsela eo eaba ba etsa monogalogenoproizvodnye (mohlala S10N20 S10N21S1 → HC1 +). Ha khomaretse alkenes thehoa H2O phelelang monohydric alcohols (S10N20 + H2O → S10N21ON).

tukang alkenes

Ha thempereichara e phahameng ka tlas'a O2 olefins ba habonolo oxidized (chesa) ho C02 le H20. Alkenes, sebelisana le permanganate potassium ho theha e alcohols dihydric (glycols).

Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea alkenes: olefin molekyler

Hlahiswa hydrocarbons bontša tšekamelo e khōloanyane ea ho molekyler itšoara joang. Ka tloaelo ho, ho polymer - ke ketane e telele ka ho pheta diyuniti mehaho (monomers). Tshebetso ena e ka qala ka litsela tse ngata, empa maemong a mangata ho ke ke ketane, le amana le tse khōlō, cationic kapa anionic dithulaganyo free.

Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea alkenes: cationic molekyler

mofuta ona wa itšoara joang ke catalyzed ke acid. Proton e oona o kopanela olefin, eaba ba etsa carbocation. Ebe latelang qoso ho qetela ka Pi-sitemu mong molek'hule le mefuta alkene carbocation le ketane e seng kae, tse hlaselang latelang olefin molek'hule, joalo-joalo Ka lebaka leo, ho ejection ba proton kapa tsamaiso e meng, e leng "tima" qoso carbocation, e mong oa potoloho bulehileng se hlahile. Ha anionic molekyler novice anion Ho thehoa ke nucleophilic tlhaselo ea anion X- olefin. Ha khomaretse le proton ketane khefu. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore e sa lefelloeng-khōlō polymerize fetisisa tsa hydrocarbons unsaturated. Tshebetso ena e ka qadile H202, manyolo peroxides, hydroperoxides, joalo-joalo Open oa potoloho le hlaha ka lebaka la ho recombination tsa radicals. Maemong a mang, bakeng sa polymers alkene sebediswa copolymerization itšoara joang. Ka copolymerization, e polymer se se akaretsang likarolong tse sa tšoaneng, fapanyetsana ka molecule ho ka tsela e itseng. Sehlahisoa itsoara joang ka fumana copolymer. 'Meleng le ho phetha molao feela thepa ya metsoako ea teng ba ikemiselitse haholo-holo ke ka taelo ea alternation ea diyuniti tsa motheo,' me mofuta o le palo ya monomers ho akarelletsa ketane polymer.