Ke eng cytoplasm? Sebopeho, sebopeho le thepa ea cytoplasm ho

ke eng cytoplasm? sebopeho sa eona 'me ka bophara ke life? Seo mosebetsi ha e phetha? Sehloohong sena, re tla araba ka ho qaqileng tsa lipotso tsena tsohle. Ho phaella moo, re tla sheba litšobotsi mehaho ea cytoplasm le thepa ea eona, hammoho le ho bua ka ho makala a le tharollo colloidal, sebōpeho sa lera la sele le organelles lisele tse mahlonoko.

The diyuniti mehaho ea lisele tsohle le lisele tsa makala. Tse peli tse mefuta e sa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa mehaho

E o tsejoa hore lisele tsa tla bopa lisele tsa dimela bohle le liphoofolo. Tsena mehaho unit trust ea lintho tsohle tse phelang ka fapana ka sebopeho, boholo le ka esita le mohaho ka hare. Empa ka nako e tšoanang ba na le melao-motheo ea ka tsela e tšoanang e hlophisitsweng, bophelo, ho akarelletsa metabolism, kgolo le ntshetsopele, teneha kapele le a iponahatsa. Mefuta e bonolo ea bophelo akarelletsa lisele tse ba se nang balekane le ho ikatisa ka ho arola.
Bo-rasaense ba mefuta e 'meli ea mohaho o seleng ea ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng e abetswe:

• prokaryotic;
• eukaryotic.

Ba ba le e ngata ho se tšoane ka sebopeho bona. The seleng ea prokaryotic botjwa konokono e haellang. chromosome hae le 'ngoe e teng ka ho toba ka cytoplasm, e le hore e sa arohane le likarolo tse ling. Joalo sebopeho sa e tloaelehileng ea libaktheria. cytoplasm bona ke ba futsanehileng e ka bophara mehaho e, empa ho na le ribosome nyenyane. Eukaryotic e rarahane ho feta lisele tse prokaryotic. DNA hae e amana le protheine e ka chromosomes, e leng ba sebakeng sa organelles arohaneng seleng e - khubu. E aroloa ho ea organelles tse ling tsa ka lera porous ba seleng le na le lintho tse kang chromatin, lero tsa nyutlelie le nucleolus. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le ntho eo li tšoanang ka mefuta e 'meli ea mokhatlo oa lisele. Le prokaryotes le eukaryotes na lera la. Le litaba tse ka hare tsa bona ka hare hlahiswa khethehileng colloidal tharollo, e leng e na le organelles tse sa tšoaneng le Tshebediso ya nakoana.

Eukaryotic seleng ea: ho cytoplasm. sebopeho lona le mesebetsi

Ho joalo, re ee ea pelo ea ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa rona. ke eng cytoplasm? A re ke re hlahlobeng ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane ena sebopeho seleng. The cytoplasm ke motsoako sehloohong lisele tse leng pakeng tsa mantlha le lera lero la mali. Seka-mokelikeli, e o ne o salla ke tubules, microtubules, microfilaments le linaleli. Hape tlasa cytoplasm e ka utloisisoang tharollo colloidal e tšoauoa ka motsamao oa likaroloana colloidal le dikarolo tse ling. Ena seka-mahareng entsoeng ka metsi 'me tse fapa-fapaneng metsoako manyolo le inorganic, o ile a lokisetsa dibopeho seleng, organelles, hammoho le Tshebediso ya nakoana. Mesebetsi bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ke cytoplasm. Ho phethahatsa ngoliso ea likarolo tsohle lisele tsamaisong e le 'ngoe. Ka lebaka la ho tubules le microtubules cytoplasm ea sele o etsa mosebetsi oa masapo le e fana ka tikolohong e bakeng sa dithulaganyo fisioloji le skeletal. Ho phaella moo, e fana ka monyetla oa hore bohle ba organelles seleng e le e fana ka mokhatlo oa. makgetheng tsena ke sele cytoplasm ntho ea bohlokoa haholo, ha ba ntse ba lumella mehaho unit trust ea lintho tsohle tse phelang ho phetha mosebetsi oa bona e tloaelehileng. Hona joale hore u tseba seo ha e cytoplasm. Hammoho hlokomela mofuta ofe boemo ba ka seleng le seo ho nka "mosebetsi" ae etsang. Hlahlamang re nahana ka sebopeho le sebopeho sa tharollo colloidal ka ho qaqileng le ho feta.

Na ho na le ho se tšoane leha e le lefe cytoplasm ea limela le liphoofolo lisele tse?

Membranous organelles, teng ka tharollo colloidal, eo ho nkoang Golgi sethusathuto, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, 'me le ka ntle plastid cytoplasmic lera. Liseleng phoofolo le limela fapana ho hlophisoa semiliquid mahareng. The cytoplasm ka seleng ea dimela na le organelles khethehileng - the plastids. Ba itseng 'mele protheine e fapana ka mosebetsi, foromo le mmala ka mebala ka mebala e sa tšoaneng. Plastids ba sebakeng cytoplasm le ba khona ho fallela hammoho le eona. Ba hōla, li atile 'me ho hlahisa metsoako e ka manyolo tse nang le potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale. The cytoplasm ea sele dimela na le mefuta e meraro ea plastids. Yellowish kapa lamunu bitsoa chromoplasts, tala - chloroplasts, le colorless - leucoplasts. Ho na le tšobotsi e 'ngoe e khethollang - the Golgi rarahaneng emeloang dictyosome hasana ho pholletsa cytoplasm ena. Liseleng phoofolo, ho fapana ho dimela, e leng cytoplasm tsa le dikarolo tse peli teng. Outer bitsoa ectoplasm, 'me ka hare - endoplasma. Lera la pele ke le haufi le ho lera seleng, 'me ea bobeli - pakeng tsa bona ke porous lera ea nyutlelie. Ectoplasm e entsoe ka le palo e kholo ea microfilaments - palesa ea limolek'hule tsa globular actin protheine. Endoplasm na organelles tse sa tšoaneng, granules le tšoauoa ka e le e tiileng e qamathelang tlaase.

Hyaloplasm ka seleng eukaryotic

Motheong oa cytoplasm tsa eukaryotes ke seo ho thoeng ke hyaloplasm. Ke slimy, colorless, bao e seng junifomo tharollo eo ho eona e hlophisitsweng, tshilong ya dijo tswelela pele li etsahala. Hyaloplasm (ka mantsoe a mang, le popeho) ke colloidal tsamaiso e khopo ka sebopeho rarahaneng. sebopeho lona e kenyeletsa RNA le liprotheine qhibilihang ka har'a, lipids le polysaccharides. Ka ntse li na le bohlokoa chelete hyaloplasm nucleotides,-amino acid, ions inorganic, hammoho le metsoako tsa mofuta o Na ^- kapa Ca ^2+. The popeho na le sebopeho homogeneous. Ho fumaneha ka mefuta e 'meli eo li bitsoa gel (tiileng) le Sol (mokelikeli). ho fetoha le tiee pakeng tsa bona li etsahala. Ka mohato mokelikeli ho na le tsamaiso ea thinnest linaleli protheine e bitsoang mikrotrabekulami. Ba tlama dibopeho tsohle ka hare ho sele. 'Me libakeng tseo ba tšelang sehlopha sa ribosomes. Mikrotrabekuly le microtubules le microfilaments theha masapo cytoplasmic. Ho hlalosa le ho o laola lefelo la organelles seleng ea tsohle.

dintho Organic le inorganic ka lisele colloidal tharollo

A re ke re sheba lintho tseo ke lik'hemik'hale tsa cytoplasm joang? Dintho leng ka seleng ka classified ka lihlopha tse peli - manyolo le inorganic. Pele a fana ka lihaha-'mele, lik'habohaedreite, mafura le acid nucleic. Lik'habohaedreite tse hlahisoang e cytoplasm tsa mono-, di- le polysaccharides. Ke monosaccharides, kristale colorless, tatso hangata monate kenyeletsa fructose, tsoekere, ribose le tse ling. D. limolek'hule Large polysaccharides bopilwe monosaccharide. Ka seleng, ba ba emeloang ke starch, glycogen le selulose. Lipids, i.e. mafura limolek'hule, litlhaka kahare thehoa ya glycerol le tse mafura acid. cytoplasm Sebopeho: dintho inorganic tse hlahisoang haholo-holo metsi, seo hangata se tšoana le ho 90% ka boima ba 'mele. O ile a etsa ka cytoplasm mesebetsi ea bohlokoa. Metsi ke solvent bokahohleng, fana ka elasticity, ke ka ho toba ka setotsoana motsamao oa lintho, bobeli ka hare ho le pakeng tsa lisele tse. Mabapi macro hore theha motheong oa biopolymers, ho feta 98% ya sebopeho palo yohle lula oksijene cytoplasmic, hydrogen, carbon le naetrojene. Ntle ho bona, sele e na le sodium, k'halsiamo, sebabole, magnesium, chloride le ba bang. The letsoai matsoai ba teng le ka anions le cations, moo karo-karolelano ea etsang qeto acidity bona.

The thepa ya tharollo colloidal ka seleng

Nahana ka tse ling, seo ke likarolo tsa sehlooho tsa cytoplasm ena. Pele, ke cyclosis kamehla. Ke intracellular cytoplasm sisinyehang. Ho ile ba pele bo tlalehiloeng le o ile a hlalosa lilemong tsa bo-bo18 la lilemo, ho Setaliana rasaense Corti. Cyclosis atlehe ho pholletsa cytoplasm, ho akarelletsa le ho tyazhah tsoang ho cytoplasm ho khubu ea. Ha libaesekopo ka lebaka le itseng khaotsa - hlokahala eukaryotic seleng. The cytoplasm ke hakaalo ka cyclosis kamehla, e leng e hlokometse ka motsamao oa organelles. Lebelo la tshisinyo ya popeho ya itšetlehile ka lintho tse fapa-fapaneng, ho akarelletsa le khanya le mocheso. Ka mohlala, ka epidermis ea onion sekaleng cyclosis lebelo ke ka 6 limithara / s. cytoplasm mokhatlo oa 'meleng dimela nang le tšusumetso e khōlō ka khōlo lona le ntshetsopele, ho kgothaletsa ho tsamaisa ya dintho pakeng tsa lisele tse. Bobeli thepa bohlokoa ke e tiileng e qamathelang ya tharollo colloidal. Ho fapana haholo ho itšetlehile ka mofuta oa phelang. Ba bang ba libōpuoa tse phelang tse cytoplasm e tiileng e qamathelang ke feela hanyenyane bo boholo ho feta ba e tiileng e qamathelang ea metsi, ba bang, ho fapana le hoo, ho fihlela e tiileng e qamathelang tsa glycerine. Ho lumeloa hore ke itšetleha ka metabolism. Phapanyetsano matla se etsahala, e ka tlaase le e tiileng e qamathelang ya tharollo colloidal. Tšobotsi e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ke semipermeable. The cytoplasm ka sebopeho lona o na le lera fokotsa. Ba ka lebaka la ho khethehileng structurally, na matla a ho khetha feta limolek'hule tsa ba bang dintho le ho se hopotse e mong. Khetha e lumellang metsi ho kena ya cytoplasm e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa mosebetsing oa ho ba bophelo. Ho ke ke ha ka linako tsohle ho pholletsa le bophelo, ho fetola ba nang le lilemo le eketseha ka tse phelang dimela le ho eketseha khanya e matla le mocheso. Ho thata ho feteletsa bohlokoa ba cytoplasm ena. Ho ka setotsoana metabolism matla, lipalangoang tsa limatlafatsi tse ngata, excretion exotoxins. E boetse e nkoa e le osmotic mokoallo popeho le ho ameha ka molao oa tsamaiso ea dithulaganyo ntshetsopele, khōlo le karohano seleng. Ho akarelletsa le cytoplasm phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho DNA boikatiso.

Features ya karohano seleng ea

limela le liphoofolo lisele tsohle atisa ka ho arola. Ho na le tse tharo mefuta e tsebahalang - e sa tobang, ka ho toba le ho fokotsa. Pele o boetse o bitsoa amitosis. Sa tobang le katiso le hlaha ka mokgwa o latelang. Qalong, "pereshnurovyvaetsya" konokono, 'me joale e ntan'o ba arola cytoplasm se hlahile. Ka lebaka leo, lisele tse pedi di thehoa, e leng butle-butle hōle ho fihlela se lekana ea motsoali. Ea mofuta ona e le karohano 'liphoofolo ke ka seoelo haholo. Ka tloaelo ho, ba ile ba hlaha sa tobang karohano, ke hore, mitosis. Ho le lintho tse ngata ho feta amitosis thata le tšoauoa ka hore ho na le e eketseha tswakana ka khubung le palopedi palo ea DNA. Mitosis na mekhahlelo e 'nè, tse bitsoang - prophase, metaphase, anaphase le telophase.

• Karolong e qalang e tšoauoa ka sebopeho sa palesa kela chromatin ka khubung, chromosome le hamorao e le "studs". Ka nako ena ho na le ke kganetsano centrioles ho lipalo le eaba ba etsa achromatin leakage radiation.
• Mokhahlelo oa bobeli oa mitosis tšoauoa ka chromosome eo, ho finyella palo e kahodimodimo Helix qala ho teng ka tlaase ho equator lisele tse ka mokhoa o laolehileng.
• Ka mohato ea boraro ho petsoha chromosomes ka chromatids tse peli. Tabeng ena, e sehiloeng leakage radiation thread le morali oa hula chromosomes ho lipalo bo fapaneng.
• Ka mohato ea bone ea mitosis le hlaha dispiralizatsiya chromosomes le sebopeho sa e le enfelopo ea nyutlelie potolohileng. Ka nako e tšoanang karohano ya cytoplasm se hlahile. Re morali seleng e nang le diploid phase sete ya chromosomes.

karohano Phokotso ikhethang ho lisele tse ba ho kopanela liphate. Ka mofuta ona wa atisiwa seleng e le hlaha ka sebopeho sa di behuwe ka bobedi chromosomes lihlopha. Kantle ke e 'ngoe unpaired chromosome. Ka lebaka leo, phokotso karohano ka lisele tse pedi morali fumana halofo ea chromosome sete. The bohare ke e 'ngoe feela morali seleng. Sex lisele tse nang le palo e halofong ea chromosomes, ea hōlileng tsebong 'me a khona ho manyolo, e bitsoang e motšehali' me diretswe go dira gametes motona.

Khopolo ea lera cytoplasmic

Liphoofolo tsohle, dimela, lisele tse esita le libaktheria tse bonolo ho ba le e khethehileng holim'a unit trust e lekanyetsang le ho sireletsa popeho tloha tikolohong kantle. Cytoplasmic lera (plasmalemma, ho lera seleng, lero la mali lera) ke lera khetha permeable ea limolek'hule (lihaha-'mele, phospholipids), eo e akaretsa cytoplasm. Ho na le subsystems tse tharo:

• lero la mali lera;
• nadmembranny rarahaneng;
• submembranny musculoskeletal hyaloplasm contractile sethusathuto.

Sebopeho sa lera cytoplasmic ke hore: e kenyelletsa ditokiseletso dikarolo tse peli tsa limolek'hule lipid (bilayer), e mong le e molek'hule joalo e na le mohatla le hlooho. Mehatla tobane e mong le tse ling. Ba hydrophobic. Hydrophilic hlooho le ka hare le lisele tse ka ntle. The bilayer akarelletsa protheine molek'hule. Ho feta moo, ho ke ke tsoekame le fapaneng lipids lokisetsa monolayer ka. Ka mohlala, ka seleng eukaryotic limolek'hule k'holeseterole li fumanoa ka hare, haufi le cytoplasm e, lera halofo. Glycolipids teng feela ka lera le ka ntle, 'me k'habohaedreite liketane tsa bona li lula li tsamaisoa ka ntle. lera Cytoplasmic na mesebetsi bohlokoa ho akarelletsa fokotsa dikahare ka hare ea sele tloha tikolohong ka ntle, e lumella e phunyeletse dintho tse itseng (tsoekere e maling,-amino acid) ka liseleng. Plasmalemma etsa phetiso ya dintho ka seleng, hammoho le khumo bona supa ka ntle, i.e. kgetho ya. Ka pores e phunyeletsang metsi, ions le tse nyenyane molek'hule dintho, le likaroloana mahoashe ba isoa ka seleng ea ka phagocytosis. Holim'a mefuta lera microvilli invagination le diverticulum, eo ka tsela e atlehang, e seng feela anya le lokolla dintho, empa hape ba buisana le lisele tse ling. lera lumella kamano ea "Bonngoe ba lintho tsohle tse phelang" ho bokaholimo fapaneng le ntsetso-peleng e sisinyehang.

Organelles ka cytoplasm ya sebopeho. Endoplasmic reticulum le ribosomes

Ho phaella moo hyaloplasm cytoplasm na organelles se sengata le nyenyane tse fapaneng ka sebopeho. boteng ba bona ka ho limela le liphoofolo lisele tse fana ka maikutlo a hore ba phetha mesebetsi bohlokwa le tsa bohlokoa. Ka tsela e itseng, bana ba thuto morphological tšoana le 'mele oa motho kapa' mele ea liphoofolo, e leng se ileng monyetla oa ho bitsa organelles bona. Ka cytoplasm ho khetholla se bonahalang ka ya microscope khanya organelle e platelet rarahaneng, mitochondria, le centrosome. Ka thuso ea e elektrone ya microscope ka popeho fumanoa microtubules, lysosomes, ribosomes le lero la mali marangrang. The cytoplasm ea sele e phunyelletsa ke metjha e fapaneng, e leng ba bitsoa "endpolazmaticheskaya marangrang." lera bona leboteng ka kopana le organelles meng kaofela 'me etsa hore tsamaiso le' ngoe hore o etsa metabolism matla, hammoho le motsamao oa lintho tse ka hare ho lisele. Marako a metjha e tsena ke ribosomes, e shebahala joaloka lifaha tse nyenyane. Ba ka beha singly kapa lihlopha. Ribosomes bopilwe hoo e ka bang lekanang palo ea acid ribonucleic le liprotheine. Hape le ka ho hlophisoa lona kenyelleditswe magnesium. Ribosomes ke ke feela ho ba ka EPS metjha e, empa hape a lokolohile hore a bue leshano ka cytoplasm, 'me le tsona li etsahala ka khubung ea, moo ba ileng ba ba thehoa. A sete ya metjha e le ribosomes ba bitsoa granular endoplasmic reticulum. Ka bona, ka ntle ribosomes ba sebakeng enzyme e tlatsetsang ho tswakana la lik'habohaedreite le mafura. Ka cavities hare tsa metjha e seleng ea ka ke lihlahisoa tsa matlakala. Ka linako tse ling e atolositsoeng EPS vacuoles thehoa - cavities tlala seleng ea amohang le lera e fokolang. organelles tsena ho boloka turgor khatello. Lysosomes tse nyenyane oval sebōpeho. Ba hasaneng ho pholletsa le cytoplasm ena. Lysosomes di thehoa e EPS kapa Golgi rarahaneng, moo tlala enzyme hydrolytic. Lysosomes li etselitsoe ho silehe likaroloana hare lisele ka lebaka la phagocytosis.

Cytoplasm: sebopeho le mesebetsi ya organelles lona. Poleiti Golgi rarahaneng, mitochondria, le centrosome

Golgi rarahaneng emeloang ke lisele tsa motho ka mong dimela nyenyane khabisitsoeng lera la, 'me liphoofolo - tubules, bubble le litanka. Sena organoid tsa diphetolo lik'hemik'hale le a khaotsa ho tsuba morago ga moo e ba tiiso ka cytoplasm ea maro seleng ea ka. E boetse e phethile tswakana tsa polysaccharides le glycoproteins sebopeho. Mitochondria - namane ke molamu e bōpehileng joaloka, filamentous kapa foromo granular. Di feela lera tse pedi, tse bopilwe ka lera a mabeli phospholipids le liprotheine. From lera ka hare ea organelles tsena tloha cristae, mabota a eona e leng a potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale. Ka thuso ea bona, ka tswakana tsa adenosine diphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria ka linako tse ling ho thoeng ke "dimela lisele matla" hobane ba ne ba fana ka karolo e itseng e khōlō ea diphosphate adenosine. E neng e sebelisoa ke sele e le mohloli oa matla lik'hemik'hale. Ho feta moo, mitochondria phetha mesebetsi e meng, ho akarelletsa le transduction pontšo, lefu seleng, seleng ea khethollo ea. Centrosome (bohareng seleng ea) e entsoe ka centrioles tse pedi, tse lokisetsa a sa le hlaha ka lehlakoreng le mong ho e mong. organelle Sena ke le teng ka dimela bohle le liphoofolo (ntle le li-fungus mathomo le tlaase), 'me ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa ho hlwaya lipalo nakong mitosis. Sele arola e pele arotsoe centrosome. Ena e bopa achromatin leakage radiation e hlalosang mantsoe e hlalosa chromosomes orientations divergent nģ'a lipalo. Hape o ile a bontša ka ho organelles seleng e le organelle ka 'na ba le morero o khethehileng, tse kang cilia le flagella. Hape, ka mekhahlelo e itseng ea bophelo ba eona e ka ba le kenyeletso, ke hore, e elements ea nako. Mohlala, limatlafatsi tse ngata tse kang marotholi ea mafura, protheine, starch, glycogen, joalo-joalo ...

Lymphocytes - lisele tse ka sehloohong ea boitshireletso ba mmele

Lymphocytes - ke lisele tsa bohlokoa tsa sehlopha sa lisele tse tšoeu mali a batho le liphoofolo le ho ba le seabo liphetoho immunological. Di arotsoe ka ka boholo le lintho tse khethollang mehaho ka subgroups tse tharo:

• tse nyenyane - ka tlase ho 8 microns bophara;
• mahareng - bophara ba 8 ho ea ho tse 11 microns;
• phahameng - ho feta 11 microns le bophara ba.

lymphocytes nyane ho rena ka mali a liphoofolo. Ba na le khubu kgolo ho potoloha, atileng ka lebaka la bophahamo ba modumo ea cytoplasm ena. The cytoplasm tsa lymphocytes ka lesikeng ena shebahala joaloka mophethong ea nyutlelie kapa sekele, haufi le lehlakore le ka ba tšereme mangole. Hangata e le ka popeho ea e na le a 'maloa a granules azurophilic ea boholo nyenyane. Mitochondria, thepa ea motheo e poleiti ea e rarahaneng le EPS tubules ba bakae le ba haufi le cavity nyutlelie. Mahareng le kgolo lymphocytes ba lokisetsa a batla tsela e fapaneng. nuclei ba bona ba linaoa e bōpehileng joaloka na le chelete e fokolang haholo ea le le khutsufalitsoeng chromatin. Ba bonolo ho khetholla ho nucleolus. Cytoplasmic lymphocytes bobeli le la boraro lihlopha e na le e kgolo ee bophara mopopotlong. Tse peli tse tsebahalang litlelase tsa lymphocytes, seo ho thoeng ke B- le T-lymphocytes. Pele thehoa liphoofolo lesapo mielovidnoy moko. lisele tse tsena na le matla a ho bopa immunoglobulins. Ka thuso ea bona B lymphocytes kopana le antigens, ba hlokomela e qetellang. T-lymphocytes simoloha ho tloha lisele tse lesapo moko ka thymus (ka a na le dilae lona cortical sa fella). Tsena ke cytoplasmic lera holim histocompatibility antigens, hammoho le receptors tse ngata ka tse kamohelo ya likaroloana tsoang linaheng tse ling. lymphocytes nyane haholo-holo hlahiswa T-lymphocytes (70%), har'a oona ho na le palo e khōlō ea lisele tse telele-a phela. Boholo ba batho ba B-lymphocytes ke ba nakoana - kae kapa kae ho tloha ka beke e 'ngoe ho ka khoeli.

Re tšepa sehlooho sa rōna e bile molemo, 'me hona joale ua tseba hore na cytoplasm, le hyaloplasm plazmelemma. Hammoho hlokomela, seo ke mesebetsi ya, sebopeho le bohlokoa bakeng sa bophelo ba 'mele oa mehaho e seleng ea ka.