Denver chromosome tlhophiso e le motheo oa karyotyping

phelang tsohle tse phelang li na le nuclei ea lisele itseng sete ea lintho tse bonahalang le liphatsa tsa lefutso. Liseleng eukaryotic, e emeloang ke chromosomes. Bakeng sa boiketlo, boikarabello le lipatlisiso tsa saense systematize karyotype sebelisa mekhoa e fapaneng. Tloaelane le mekhoa ea hlahlamanya lintho tse bonahalang le liphatsa tsa lefutso ke mohlala oa chromosomes batho.

Classification tsa chromosomes batho

Karyotype - chromosomal motlatsi (diploid phase), teng ka efe kapa efe ya lisele tse somatic. Ke bath ea phelang le e tšoanang ka lisele tsohle ntle le ho kopanela liphate le.

Chromosome karyotype ke tsena:

• autosomes, se fapaneng ka batho ba sexes fapaneng;
• ho kopanela liphate (kathoko chromosome) fapana ka sebopeho le liphoofolo tsa sexes fapaneng.

lisele tse batho ba le DNA palesa 46, tseo ka tsona lipara tse 22 tsa autosomes le mong - genital. Sena 2n diploid phase beha boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso. Banyalani ba bang ba basali geterohromosom bontša XX, ba batona - XY, kgetho ya karyotype e, ka ho latellana, 44 le 44 + XX + XY.

Lisele kokoana-hloko (diretswe go dira gametes) se teng kapa re masoha haploid sete 1n DNA. Oocytes na autosomes 22 'me e mong X-chromosome lisele tse peō ea botona - 22 autosomes le e mong oa geterohromosom, X kapa Y.

Ke hobane'ng ha boitsebiso le tlhophiso ea chromosomes

Denver le Paris tlhophiso tsamaiso ea lintho tse bonahalang a lefa, ho pharaletseng sebelisitsoeng ka eona ka-rasaense, tse reretsoeng ho momahanya le generalize khopolo ea karyotype ena. Tsela e tloaelehileng le sebelisoang malapeng e hlokahalang bakeng sa nehelano e nepahetse 'me tlhaloso ea sephetho lipatlisiso tšimo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, Karyosystematics, ho ikatisa.

Dira ditshwantsho bontšang karyotype sebelisa ideograms - systematized tatelano 'me a lokisetsa descendingly chromosome boholo. Ideogram bontša se feela litekanyo tsa DNA helical, empa litšobotsi tse morphological, 'me haholo-holo sebopeho bona mathomo (hetero- le euchromatin sebakeng).

Ka ho hlahloba ka dikerafo tsena theha tekanyo ea ho kamano pakeng tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng taxonomic tsa lintho tse phelang.

The karyotype ka 'na ba le para ea autosomes, hoo e ka bang tšoanang ka boholo, ho etsa ho le thata ho lokisa moo le dinomoro. Nahana ka se ileng entsprechen kenyeletsa Denver le Paris tlhophiso ea chromosomes batho.

Sephetho sa ho tšoareloang liboka ho Denver, 1960

Selemong seo, motseng oa Denver, USA, e neng e tšoaretsoe sebokeng ka chromosomes batho. Ho atamela fapaneng ho codify chromosomes (boholo, boemo libaka centromere le likhato sa tšoaneng tsa Helix le sa t. D.) ne ho kopantswe tsamaisong e le 'ngoe.

Liqeto tsa Conference e ne e le seo ho thoeng ke Denver tlhophiso ea chromosomes batho. tsamaiso ena e tataisoa ke melao-motheo ea:

1. autosomes eohle ea batho e baloa ho consecutively ho tloha ho 1 ho ea 22 le ea fokotseha ea bolelele bona, chromatids thobalano abeloa litlotla X le Y.
2. Chromosome karyotype arotsoe ka lihlopha 7 le pehelo centromere, boteng ba satellitari le constrictions mahareng ka chromatids.
3. Ho nolofatsa le tlhophiso sebediswa centromeric li-index, e balwa ka ho arola bolelele ba e khutšoanyane letsoho la bolelele lohle la chromosome e le e hlalosoa e le karolo e itseng.

Denver tlhophiso ea chromosomes ka kakaretso o ile a hlokomela ka ho baahi ba matjhabeng ba saense.

lihlopha chromosome le litšobotsi tsa bona

Denver chromosome tlhophiso e kenyeletsa lihlopha tse supileng tseo autosomes ba lokisetsa e le hore ba e baloang, empa unevenly ajoa ka bongata. Sena ke ka ntlha ya go likarolo tsa eona li le aba ka lihlopha. Bala ho eketsehileng ka ena e tafoleng.

Joalokaha u ka bona, le Denver tlhophiso ea chromosomes e thehiloeng and analysis phetoho, ka ntle mellwane efe kapa efe ea DNA e.

Paris tlhophiso ea chromosomes batho

Motheong oa tlhophiso ena, hlahiswa ka 1971, e thehiloeng mekhoa ea differential staining tsa chromatin. Ka lebaka leo, ho penta kemiso chromatids tsohle ba paterone ke tsa lona tsa lihlopha leseli le lefifi, ka tsela eo habonolo khetholloa ka hara dihlopha.

Ea ho phekola ba lidae tse sa tšoaneng tsa chromosomes lemoha likarolo motho:

• Q-chromosome likarolo fluoresce ka lebaka la ea mosetareta dae-quinacrine.
• G-likarolo bontšoa ka mor'a Giemsa staining mokhoa (tšoana le Q-likarolo).
• R-staining likarolo etelloa pele ke laoloa mocheso denaturation.

matshwaonyana eketsehileng di hlahiswa ho bontša lefelo la liphatsa tsa lefutso ka chromosomes:

1. Le letsoho le lelelele la chromosome bontšoa ke ka tlaase tlhaku Q, مختصر - lowercase leq.
2. Ka hare ka mahetla abelwang karolo ya ho fihlela ho libakeng tse 4, e baloa ho tloha ka ba centromere ho ea qetellong telomere.
3. Dinomoro tsa tsamaeang leoatleng le tsona ka hare ho libakeng tse ka tataiso e tsoang centromere ena.

Ha boemo ba phatsa ea lefutso e ka chromosome o tsejoa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, tsa lona hokahanya ke index of hlobolisa le. Ha phatsa ea lefutso diriswa tlase tobileng, ho bolela teng ka letsoho e telele kapa khutšoanyane.

Bakeng sa dimmapa nepahetseng ea chromosomes, hybridization le ho ithuta mutagenesis mokhoa ofe kapa ofe ba se nang balekane ke ba bohlokoa haholo. Denver chromosome tlhophiso le Paris tabeng ena ba inextricably amahanngoa le tlatsana mong ho e mong.