Black makholo - lenaneo la la Seoa makholo ...

Batho ba neng ba ithuta likolong tsa Soviet Union, ba ne ba tseba ka ho hlaka hore Black makholo - sena bigots le Thugs. Ha ho pelaelo hore ka lintlha ena e ne e se e le takatso ea ka ba bang ba hlaha ka lehlakoreng le leng ho sheba batho ba neng ba a hlophisa merusu sehlōhō metseng ea Russia, haholo-holo Moscow le Odessa.

Black makholo mehopolo ba phela kajeno. Ka stratum itseng tsa baahi ba moo ho na le e thahasellisang ho bona. nako ea rōna ke ho babatsehang hore e mong le potso e ka fumanoa, fuoa lintlha tse sa tšoaneng tsa pono, 'me o leka ho etsa maikutlo a hao mabapi le mokhatlo oa sena.

lipalo ba hlaheletseng le kutloelo-bohloko ho Black makholo

Hoa thahasellisa ho tseba lintho tse lenaneo la Black makholo, haeba feela hobane mosali le morali oa F. M. Dostoevskogo, ea ileng a bua mabapi le khoneha ea molemo, eo e thehiloe bonyane lerotholi la a tšolloa mali a ngoana ea, ba ne ba le mafolo-folo chernosotenkami. Re tšoaroa ba Archpriest Ioann Kronshtadsky le moetsi oa litšoantšo Victor Vasnetsov. Mendeleev, Michurin, motsamaisi oa cruiser "Varyag" Rudnev - ka makholo le Letšo, re sa re letho ka lipalo 500 sa Kereke ea Orthodox, hamorao o ile a "bashoela-tumelo New ea Russia." Har'a bona e ne e le nakong e tlang Mopatriareka Tikhon, Metropolitan Bellavin.

metso ka bophelo bo botle

Ho joalo, ho na le e ne e le ba bang ba maikutlo a ntle le lenaneo la mokhatlo oa ee? Le oa mofuta ofe lebitso la hao e le hore ha nako e ntse e ba tlas'a moriti e le tšosang? Rahistori oa Vladimir Mohnach bolela hore qalong "Black makholo - baemedi ena demokerasi ya setjhaba motse."

Hobaneng ho le joalo? Hobane ba makholo ba tsarist Russia o ne a bitsoa karohano ka hare ho motse. Ho ne ho tse makholo tse tšoeu, tse akarelletsang strata e phahameng ea baahi ha e lefe lekhetho ho 'muso oa,' me batho ba batsho - moaparo. Tsa baemeli ba demokrasi tsa litoropo (bahoebi, botaki) le lihlopha ho ile ha thehoa Kuzma Minin, lelekoa Kremlin le lipalo tlatselitse ho timetsoa ka Russia Nako ea Likhathatso.

E mong oa ideologists ho

A reactionary haholo mokhoa 1900-1917 lebitso ho VA Gringmut, e mong oa ideologists o ka sehloohong oa Black Lekholo sisinyehang. E ne e le moemeli ea bohlale ea histori ea hore e ne e se moeta-pele ba lipolotiki ba letona lepheo tšusumetso, empa e le Pillager le obscurantist (obscurantist, tletseng bora ho saense, tsoela pele le thuto), e leng seo a neng a ameha ka ho 'muso tsarist ka 1906 ho lekhotla.

Ho latela Gringmut Black makholo - sena chesehang ralitima bakeng sa ho boloka ya inviolability tsa autocracy Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la moholo-e leng matla chauvinism,-ba khahlanong le Semitism ho toba epelaki.

E mong oa likhakanyo mokhatlo oa mehleng

Qalong ea lekholo la ho reactionary haholo mokhatlo oa e ne e le motho ea mafolofolo le hore o ile a tsejoa e le "Black-Lekholo tšabo ea 1905-1907." Ka nako ena ba ne ba itlammeng ka ho bolaea M. Ya. Gertsenshteyna le G. B. Iollosa (Central Komiti ea Cadet Party) 'me ha ho boiteko ba ka tlaase ho moo resonant ho P. N. Milyukova le e neng e le ka Sehloohong Letona Witte, eo litho tse ling tsa ho tsamaea le (ho Gringmut tšoanang) ho ile khethoa e le e mong oa lira tsa sona tsa sehlooho. Witte hape o ne a lumela hore ho Black makholo - sena ha e le hantle, baemeli ba mekhatlo e bontšang ho rata naha, mehopolo tse sa ipapisang ka lebaka le bahlomphehi, le litšusumetso le hore ba mpa feela ba ne ba se na lehlohonolo le baeta-pele ba, bao har'a bona ba ne ba rascals tse ngata le ho batho ba nang le mehopolo ditshila le maikutlo. Ka mokhoa ona phahameng, o ile a bua ka pogrom-baetsi ba neng ba a hlophisa bolaoe, le. malapa a kaofela ba Bajuda ba timela tlasa tsekedi "Beat Bajuda le boloka Russia!". Empa moruti e neng e le tona-khōlō, a bua ka ho rata naha ea Black makholo, o ile a ho hlakile hore e bua ka taba ea ho qala mokhatlo, e leng e thehiloe tsekedi le Slavophiles Russia boitsebiso le lona, e fapaneng ho tloha ka tsela e ka bophirimela ea ntlafatso.

itšetleha mokhatlo oa

Ho joalo le ka ba ha ho joalo? Hasane reactionary mekhatlo hole-nepahetseng Russia lilemo 1906-1917 - sena ke Black makholo. Ha baa ka ba khonne, ka lehlohonolo, ho kopanya ka ho mo qobella le le leng e neng e tla ntlafatsa bokhoni ba bona ba lokela ho ngatafala. Pele boyei ya lebitso le tloaelehileng la mekga e disparate ipitsa "Patriots", "e le kannete Russia", "monarchists".

The ya mekgatlo ya kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa Black makholo ba ne ba "Union ea Batho ba Russia (hlooho - AI Dubrovin)," Russia Monarchist Party "(mothehi - VA Gringmut). E mong oa bathehi ba baruti-mekhoa e tloaetsoeng mokhatlo oa "Union Mihaila Arhangela" e VM Purishkevich. Hoa hlokahala ho bolele hore mesebetsi ea disparate 'me hangata o loanang Black makholo a laela le chelete ke "la United Nobility", bōpiloe ka May 1906 ka tšehetso e feletseng ea' muso tsarist. Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore mapolesa tsa Serussia Empire nkoa e le Black Lekholo squads e le bathusi ka mosebetsi oa eona e relies ka botlalo ka ho bona. Hammoho le "Lekhotla la United Nobility" reactionary mokhatlo oa "Russia Union ea Batho" e ile ea thehoa ka Moscow. Bathehi le baeta-pele ba ne ba Sheremetiev mor'abo rōna, Prince Troubetzkoy le Shcherbatov. Duke Dmitri Pavlovich Golitsyn (Muravlin) e ne e boetse e le Black makholo. Bana ke "mokhoa o khanyang. surnames Russia" li ne li amahanngoa le Black makholo. Kaofela ha bona ba ile ba khahloa ke khopolo ea sehlooho, e feletseng ho lenaneo motsamao, - e inviolability ba marena, e leng kopano ya autocracy le sechaba.

Se nang meeli ho tšepahala ho autocracy ho

monarchists feteletseng, kahoo hape o bitsoang Black makholo, Russia ke fihla kampong mekhoa e tloaetsoeng, tseo, ho ea ka mehloli e meng, e baloa ka mor'a ho hlōloa ha phetoho e khōlō ea batho ba 1905-1907 ho 410 tse likete tse. Black makholo lenaneo ha e le hantle ba itšetleha ka thuto ea ho seo ho thoeng ke ba sechaba sefe official, tšehelitsoe ke Letona la Thuto Russia S. S. Uvarov (halofo e qalang ea lekholo la lilemo la XIX). O ile a ba le moralo o balletsweng tripartite e ka nkoa e le taba ea motheo ea khopolo Uvarov: Orthodox, Autocracy, bochaba. Se nang moeli autocracy, hammoho le Orthodox, ba qalong ba nahana hore Black makholo Russia tšimoloho, ile a tlameha ho lula re immutable le ka liphetoho Russia ha ho hlokahale.

Relaxations lumella Black makholo

Leha ho le joalo, ba bang ba mananeo a tsona a kenyeletsa bolokolohi tse fapa-fapaneng - tsa bolumeli, lipuo kopano, tobetsa, botsoalle, le inviolability tsa motho eo. Ka hona, ha ho makatse ho e ngata batho ba u se ke ua utloela ka makholo le Letšo. E ne e le bo sa sekisetseng ho fetisisa le agrarian reactionaries lenaneo fana hona joale lihoai li rekisa feela lolea mobung oa sechaba (ha ho nkoa ka mahahapa ha ba landlords le), ntshetsopele ya rente le mokitlane tsamaiso ea.

Kahoo, joalokaha ho ile ha fumaneha, e ne e le ho hloleha ho lenaneo la Black makholo potso ea sechaba. E mong le indivisible Russia, ka maikutlo a bona, ba lokela ho ho thehoa chauvinism, eo o neng o liforomo feteletseng le degenerated ka e militant-ba khahlanong le Semitism.

tšehetso le matla

Black makholo mehopolo ho batho ba tloaelehileng a utloa bohloko libukeng tse kang "Flag Russia" le "Moscow News", "Pochaev lakane" le "Bell". Le hape "zemshchina", "le lialuma" le "Veche", "Kievlyanin" le "Baahi". Support fetang matla. Ba kentse letsoho 'nete ea hore Black makholo lenaneo e tloaelane le utloisisa le palo e khōlō ea landlords, baruti, bahoebi, basebetsi le balemi, botaki le baemeli ba banyenyane hammoho le ba kgolo tsa litoropo bourgeoisie, ho bourgeoisie sa reng letho le Cossacks - feletseng tsohle strata sechabeng Serussia.

Qetellong ea mokhatlo le baeta-pele ba lona

Mora pogroms e sehlōhō batšehetsi fetisisa recoiled tswa Black makholo, 'me mokhatlo oa e fihlile ho eme ka ho feletseng ka mor'a 1917,' me 'muso oa Soviet Union e se e ka ho feletseng o thibetsoe. The Black makholo, baeta-pele le ideologists tsa tsona li ne li nkoa e le lira tsa batho ba, ka mafolofolo o ile a loantša matla Union, 'me nakong ea ntoa ea bobeli ea World lehlakoreng la Manazi. Ke lipalo tse khōlō tsa mokhatlo oo ke haholo-holo AI Dubrovin, V. Purishkevich, VA Gringmut, N. E. Markov. Le PF Bulatsel (muelli), II Vostorgov (moprista e moholo), moenjiniere AI Trischaty Prince M. K. Shahovskoy Monk Heliodorus.

Octo

Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo, ho be le bonngoe ka palo ea mokhatlo oa sena e-s'o ka se hlokomela, mekgatlo ya basebetsi ba bangata ba fapane le mong ho e mong bolele feela mabitso a empa hape le mananeo a sa. Kahoo, litho tsa mokha oa ho "Union ea la October 17", kapa Octo-Black makholo, a hapa sebaka khethehileng har'a mekga Russia theha mokhatlo oa lipolotiki - ba teng pakeng tsa conservatives le liberals, 'me ke hobane'ng ha ba ba bitsoa liberals mekhoa e tloaetsoeng. Re lebisa mokga e kgolo lichelete le ea khoebo le indasteri bourgeoisie A. I. Guchkov, M. V. Rodzyanko le VV Shulgin.

Ka pelo ea lenaneo bona larileng ka Manifesto ba Tsar ea la 17 October, 1905. Ho tswa ho feteletseng le letona lepheo reactionaries Octobrists khetholloa ke 'nete ea le bitsitseng ho bakeng sa marena molao oa motheo oo matla ea morena e ne e tla feela molao motheo. Ba fapane le tokelo e feteletseng le 'nete ea hore, ho bua bakeng sa indivisible Russia, le tokelo ya ho boikemelo ea Finland e ntse bonahale. Le la boemo bo tlaase potso ba ne ba e emelang qobelloang ikarola ha batho ba naha landlords 'bakeng sa thekollo.

Cadets

Ha e feteletseng le letona lepheo ne Octobrists, joale le letšehali lepheo la mokhatlo oa seatla se bulehileng ba hloma liahelo Cadets (Molao oa Motheo-Democratic Party), ho hlophisa le moeta-pele likhopolo tsa tsona e ne e le P. N. Milyukov. Party, strategist ka sehloohong eo a neng a bitsoa "The Party ea Fanang ka Tokoloho Batho." Ka lenaneo bona, tlhokomelo e ngata o ne a lefile ho litokelo le litokoloho tsa baahi. Ka maikutlo a bona, bokamoso Russia boemo sebopeho ne e le ho ba molao oa motheo 'me Palamente marena. The Cadets, ho Octobrists, la Seoa makholo - sena ke ho feta kapa ka tlaase ho e kholo mokga o har'a e mengata e batho ba bang, jwalo ka ho Bososhiale-Revolutionaries, neopopulists, ho Mensheviks, ho Bolsheviks, ea ileng a Russia qalong ea tse lekholo tse fetileng, ho fihlela Phetohelo, ba ne ba ba bangata. Empa Cadets, ho Octobrists le Black makholo kopaneng boikutlo bo marena, e leng prioritizes le inviolability tsa mananeo a bona.