Behela "Grad": litšobotsi tse, ditjeo le tšenyo e radius. Joang tsamaiso ea banadores mollo "Grad"

Hona joale, ho dihlooho la lihlooho le litlaleho a thelevishene litaba mabapi le khohlano e ka bochabela Ukraine, o ka utloa lebitso la thepa joalo sesole e le ho hlongoa "Grad". Features tsoibilang multiple Lata tsotehang. Range lerumo sefofane 20 km le fana ka mashome a mane ka makhethe tsa limakasine mollo methapo teng botlaaseng ba "Ural-375" kaofela hulang ka mabili a teraka. Ho fihlela joale, tsamaiso ena selefouno e ka tšebeletso ea linaheng tse fetang 50. 'Me ho tloha ka 1963, o ne a ka e tšebeletso tshebetso ka Union,' me hona joale larileng ka lebotho la Russia.

lesedi tsa histori

Khopolo ea ho ba le sete ya tsoibilang multiple Lata le mefuta e fapaneng ya tse fetang 20 km SE ke baenjiniere Union 'me o simolohile ho tswa 50s ea bohareng ba lilemo tsa ho qetela. Sesole ditlhomo "Grad" o ne a ntshetswa pele ho nka sebaka BM-14 tsamaiso. Sepheo e ne e le hore ka cheisi teraka hore ka ba bonolo ho hlōla sebaka thata, laola ho beha e libetsa sengoathoana, tletse rockets.

Ka 1957, sehlooho se Lata le libetsa taolo (Grau) o ile a fana ka dipehelo tsa referense eo Sverdlovsk moralo Bureau hore ba be le ntoa mochine. Ho ne ho hlokahala ho meralo mochine e ka amohela 30 ho tataisa tebileng arabelang projectiles. sepheo ile finyelloa ka phethoa ka Lata - ho bōptjoa kobehileng cylindrical holim 'a stabilizers phutha mohatla.

projectile developer indonesia o ile a khethoa RI-147, e leng e sisintsweng e theknoloji ea ho etsa thepa ea matlo e le mokhoa chesang taka. Tlasa mmusong AN Ganicheva le ka tšehetso ea State Komiti bakeng Defense Technology mosebetsi ile a qalile ka ho bōptjoa ha lerumo le. Ntshetsopeleng warhead projectile laela GSKB-47, 'me propellant qoso enjene - NII-6. NII-147 e ile etselitsoeng khetla le tsitsisoa tsoakiloeng: mohatla le potolohang.

teko

Ka 1960 o ne a khannela liteko mollo oa dienjini jete likhetla. Jwalo ka karolo ya dimela ho phethahatsoa 53 le ea 81 li chesa - ka e le liteko ha a le boemo ba naha.

The liteko tšimo pele ba ne ba tšoaroa ka March 1962 ho Leningrad. Grau e abetswe 2 ntoa likoloi le rockets makholo a mahlano. The rerile li matha ea 10 000 km le tlas'a mochine teko ntle tshenyo fetile 3380 feela km SE. Tšenyo e felisitsoe ka ho eketsa ka morao cheisi barrel. Sena e ile ea eketseha botsitso ba mochine ha thunya.

Ka mor'a hore liquidation tsa mefokolo moralo oa Lekhotla la Matona neng e behiloe ka ho tšebeletso le tšebeletsong ea ka 1963 tlhomamiso "Grad", litšobotsi tsa eo hona selemong seo ba ile ba bontša N. S. Hruschevu.

Tlhahiso ya serial tsa BM-21 o ne a qala ka January selemong se tlang. Hape ka 1964, ha ke le November sesole parade o ile a bontša batho ba sa tlhomamiso pele. Ho tloha ka 1971, ho ke diyantle tsa tsoibilang Lata, 'me bophahamo ba modumo tsa lona e ne e le 124 likoloi, empa ke 1995 palo ea "Grad", rekiswa linaheng 50 lefatšeng ka bophara, ho ne ho e fetang tse likete tse peli.

moralo

Buka e ikhethang ntoa litšobotsi tse botekgeniki tsa "Grad" e se e fihlellwa ka a bale litsenyehelo ea kaho ea e rarahaneng, e kenyeletsang:

• launcher;
• Thepa play loading koloi ka lebaka la ZIL-131;
• tsamaiso e khopo mollo taolo.

Arabelang unguided projectiles (bophara 122 limilimithara) di kenngoa ka ea libetsa sengoathoana, e emeloang ke itsebisa 40, e mong le e limithara tse 3 ka botlaaseng e etsoang ka mechine. Tataiso ea ka o ile a etsa ka rapameng le paatsepama sefofane ka tsela actuator kapa ka letsoho. The mefuta e fapaneng ya mahlakoreng ka a betsa tshekaletseng - 102 ^ka le letšehali la koloi ^{ea 70} le tokelo; le paatsepama - ho tloha ° 0 ho ^55.

Moqomo le kanaleng nkile le groove ka nsete, eo, ha khomaretse ho qetela ho tloha projectile ba chenchana.

Lebelo la motsamao oa mochine - 75 km SE / H, 'me mohlomong le ho fallela ka likhetla qosoa. Koloi ho fanyeha na shutdown tsamaiso e felisa tshebediso ya jacks tšehetsa sebetsa. Mora banadores le ka hang-hang tlohela mosebetsi, e le ha ho thuloa ke a teraekile ho iphetetsa. Phetoho ya a betsa o etsoa ka e ka thoko mochini taolo, karolo ea leshala la.

Kaha hlahloba moralo oa jete ntoa koloi, u ka bona kamoo semela "Grad".

Nepahetseng tataiso Sebetsa Sepheo e finyelloa ka ho ba teng ha disebediswsa sighting: betsetsang mahlo Hertz phetha molao reticle le collimator K-1, e leng eketsa tekanyo ea tšenyo e ka dipehelo tsa ponahalo mafutsana.

Khetla pele

Projectile laoleheng mofuta hiriloe ka meaho libetsa salvo, ho na le likarolo tse 3: Battle, enjene le stabilizer. Warhead - ka boeona khetla le tsoaka le bursting qoso. enjene jete e entsoe ka kamoreng nozzle, le tefo thothetsang molelo phofo. Bakeng sa thothetsang molelo tsa igniter e, e leng tla ebe o kenya tshebetsong qoso propellant, kapa sebelisoa Pyrocartridges elektrozalpy. Thunngoa ke balebeli ba potoloho koetsoeng motlakase, le sehang tloha litleloubu mabone igniter.

Lerumo 9M22 e ne e le munitions pele hore thunya tsoibilang multiple Lata "Grad". projectile litšobotsi tse:

• thaepa: phahameng-phatloha;
• bolelele - 2,87 limithara;
• boima ba 'mele - 66 lik'hilograma;
• palo e kahodimodimo mefuta e fapaneng - 20,4 km le, bonyane - 1,6 km SE;
• sefofane lebelo - 715 limithara / s;
• warhead boima - lik'hilograma 18,4, tseo karolo ea boraro - phatloha.

A sibolloa Revolutionary ne Alexander Ganicheva popontshwa. O lohothwang mokhoa oa ho etsa thepa e projectile, eo e ne e ka ntsa oa sehlopha sa lipoleiti tšepe, ha ka silindara e bonolo sectional tšepe joaloka pele. phihlello e 'ngoe ea Moqapi e Moholo ea NII-147 e ne e le popo ea molaleng le, restraining le projectile mohatla stabilizers le ho fana ka monyetla oa ho kenngoa ka litekanyo Lata.

9M22 khetla fuoa le makala seqha fuses MRI le MRI-U, e leng e ka beha ho mehato 3: instantaneous, tse nyenyane le tse kholo deceleration. Le hlōloa ha liphofu tse ka sebaka se selelele lekgutshwanyane bakeng sa ho nepahala ha masale sebediswa Brake, boholo ba e khethileng ka ho toba tekanyo e lekanang ya ho hōjana.

Ntshetsopeleng ya metsu 9M22 ntlafala litšobotsi botekgeniki tsa "Grad". Tshenyo manpower ho feletseng mojaro "Castle" e sebelisoa ka sebaka sa tshebetso sa 1050 limithara ^2, 'me mokhoa sohlokehile - ho tse 840 limithara ^2.

Serial tlhahiso ea metsu ile ea qala ka 1964 ka tšepe foundry "setempe".

Ho matlafatsa le bokgoni ntoa

Le tsoelo-pele ea lerumo la pele ho timetsa le ho hatella mabotho a sera sa reretsoe tlhomamiso "Grad", litšobotsi (tshenyo radius) kamehla ntlafala. Ka mohlala, mefuta e latelang ea likhetla li bōpiloe:

• Ntlafala phahameng-phatloha liqhomane mofuta 9M22U, 9M28F, 9M521;
• mofuta HE-lik'hemik'hale - 9M23 tšoanang ka sefofane tobileng M22S;
• incendiary - 9M22S;
• mosi tse hlahisang - 9M43, tse leshome tsa munitions tsena ba ka khona ho ho bōpa e smokescreen fetang sebakeng se hectars 50;
• ho tloha -ba khahlanong le ka litšitiso - 9M28K, 3M16;
• RFI - 9M519;
• le lik'hemik'hale tse chefo - 9M23.

linaheng tse ling tse hlahisang lengolo rarahaneng kapa ka molao, e le dynamically ntshetsa pele mefuta e mecha ea likhetla.

taolo mollo

Tsamaiso ea mollo taolo lumella u ho etsa Shots le gulp mong. Pyrotechnic enjene tsoaka Lata le tsoa ho pulse length jenereithara, e leng e ka sebetsa ka terakeng 21 ka lebokose BM-kabo kapa ka thōko ka selefouno ka e leng sebaka sa 50 limithara.

Potoloho ea nako ea banadores feletseng metsotsoana e 20 e behiloeng ka ho "Grad". Features amanang le mocheso, ho latelang: tshebetso sitisoe ke letho e Guaranteed ho mocheso ho tloha -40 ° C ho +50 ° C.

The Group laolang ho hlongoa e na le molaoli, 'me 5 bathusi: gunner; Fuse kenyang; Radiotelephone / carrozzeria; loana mokhanni koloi / carrozzeria le mokhanni oa ho tsamaisa koloi / carrozzeria.

koloi lipalangoang e reretsoe ho etsa likhetla ka boto e tsitsitseng liluloaneng ema.

modernization

tsoelo-pele ea botekgeniki hloka mosebetsi kamehla ka modernization ea libetsa. Ho seng joalo, esita le maemo a matla ka ho fetisisa 'marakeng ka' na ba lahleha.

Lata tsoibilang "Grad" ka 1986 e se e ntlafetse. Model BM-21-1 o ile a lokolloa. Joale loanela koloi botlaaseng ile teng ka cheisi tsa "Ural". Sephutheloana tataiso methapo sireletsa khahlanong le letsatsi kgahlamelo ya maqhubu a mocheso thebe. Hape ho na le e ne e le monyetla oa ho a betsa ka potlako.

Ka lebaka la ho koloi Gaz-66B ka ho fokotsa palo ea ho hlahisa shafts likhetla ho fihlela ho 12 bobebe tlhomamiso ileng ba bōptjoa bakeng sa masole a airborne - BM-21 V.

Ka motheong oa BM-21-1 mathoasong 2000s. Re ne re entse mosebetsi oa ho lokolla e km gana ntoa koloi - 2B17-1. Ka ba molemo ho ya e ntlafetseng ya tlhomamiso - ntle a betsa Turístico ea tataisoang le khumo manolotsoeng. Hore ke tlhaloso ea sera hokahanya ho tsoareloa tsamaya tsamaiso.

Loantša koloi "letamo le" (BM-21PD) reretsoe ho hlōla submarines e le hore ho etsa bonnete ba tshireletso ya moeli ea likepe e name. tsamaiso ea ka sebetsang ka kopanelo le sonar kapa le nosi.

E rarahaneng "Prima", bōpa ka 80s, o ne a itsebisa 50, empa ka lebaka la ho haella ha ditjhelete ne ke sa na le tokelo ya ho ntshetsa pele tlhahiso.

E ntshitsweng MLRS "Grad" ka Czechoslovakia, Belarus le Italy. Seukraine tlhahiso ya BM-21 behoa Krae cheisi. Belarus "Grad-1a 'ka amohela ka nako e' meli mahlaahlela sebakeng sa e mong. The Setaliana oona tsamaisong Lata launcher (khutsufalitsoe FIROS) ke fapaneng ka hore likhetla li hlomelloa le dienjini fapaneng jete, a etsa hore se lekane hole ho thunngoa.

boikarabello sesole

Le qetellong ea ntoa ea bobeli ea World, peiso matsoho a ntse a tsoela pele ka mafolofolo. seo a se finyeletseng tsohle tsa saense li 'nile tsa sepheo sa ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea sesole. Litheko tsa lihlahisoa tsa sesole o ile a qala ho hōla ka potlako ho feta nakong ea ntoa.

Theko ea libetsa ea kajeno e boetse ke phahameng haholo. E mong projectile Lata launcher "Grad" ba bohlokoa 600-1000 liranta. Ka mor'a ho amohela ka ntoa mochini (1963), litšenyehelo tsa lerumo le ne le tšoana le la theko ea likoloi tse peli "Volga". Le boima tlhahiso ya theko metsu e ne e tse peli feela meputso moenjiniere - 250 li-ruble (tlhahisoleseding ho tswa ho filimi "makala Force").

Litsenyehelo tsa ho ba kenya "Grad" - e le lekunutu khoebo. Ho hakanngoa hore e mong makasine e 'British, theko molateli "Castle" - "Leholiotsoana" - ke $ 1,8 milione (tlhahisoleseding e nkiloe makasineng ea "Phaeton" tokollong palo 8, January 1996, leqepheng la 117.).

E le letlobo kenya "Grad"?

thunya molao-motheo oa BM-21 ke le tsoanang ho mochine ya tshebediso ya e tummeng "Katyusha" le e thehilwe hodima tsamaiso ea salvo a betsa. Ka 40s ea projectiles Cannon libetsa ke kamehla phahametse lerumo le 'ngoe, e leng ba ne ba sa sebetsa ka ho nepahetseng le ho batho ba bangata. Baenjiniere ba ile ba khona ho kokobetsa ho ena mosing ho sebelisa lerumo lonthja likutu tse 'maloa.

Ka lebaka la molao-motheo oa ho sebetsa ba kenya banadores "Grad" ka ketso - sebetsa ka timetsang hectars 30 tsa tšimo Sera, karolong e ngotsoeng ea thepa ea sesole, e maemong a simolla tsa rockets, leshala seretse, phepelo diyuniti. khetla A lelekoa ena mochine ntoa eo, ba bolaea lintho tsohle tse phelang ka hare ho e radius ea limithara tse 100.

Pele ka lefatše MRL hore ka otla phofung ea ka sebaka se selelele, - a behela "Grad". Litšobotsi tse, radius ea timetso ntoa koloi baenjiniere Union ba ntlafalitse hafeela lebaka ha a na ho kheloha palo e kahodimodimo ea projectile tswa shebiloeng ba limithara tse 30. bayemi tsoang linaheng tse ling ba nahana hore ho nepahala ena ka finyelloang ka e leng sebaka sa ha ho km fetang 10. Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho bōptjoa USSR otlang sera ho tloha e leng sebaka sa 40 km SE 'me a hlahisa 720 likhetla ka metsotsoana e 20, e leng lekanang le a ho lithane tse 2 tsa liqhomane.

dikopo sesole

Teko pele ka mokhoa ona o rarahaneng oa ho "Grad" e ile ea tšoareloa ka 1969, nakong ea khohlano pakeng tsa Chaena le USSR. Leka ho senya sera le kokota tsoa mabotho a hae le ho Sino-Union ditanka hlōleha, ho feta moo, Machaena a nka padded T-62, e leng e ne e le mohlala lekunutu. Ka hona, ka 'nete hore ba ile ba likhetla phatloha ho tloha semela "Grad", leo a timetsa sera' me kahoo ho fela ntoa.

Ka lilemo tse 1975-1976. loana koloi e ne e sebelisetsoa Angola. Tshebetso tikoloho ntoa ena ha e so nako le nako tlameletsoe lintoa pakeng tsa litšiea fihla ikutloeleng. Kahoo tšobotsi ena ea "Castle" ka 'nete ea hore ka etella saeteng ya projectile thehoa "bafu ellipse", kahoo le mokoloko oa masole a, e leng le atolositse mola ka ntoa ka Angola e fetohile shebiloeng loketseng.

Ka Afghanistan, re ile ra thunya ho tloha "Castle" mollo tobileng. The Chechen ntoa e hape ka mafolofolo o ile a sebelisa likoloi sesole.

"Grad" nako ea rōna - e ka bang 2500 diyuniti, ho armament ea lebotho la Federation le Serussia. likoloi Combat ne romeloa linaheng tse ling ho ea linaheng tse 70 ho tloha ka 1970. Re ne re sa hlokomela BM-21 lintoa lefatšeng ka bophara: e Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Somalia, Syria, Libya le ho qala tsa morao tjena tsa khanyetso hore li ka bochabela ho Ukraine.

E etsoang ka maqiti le ho botekgeniki litšobotsi tsa tlhomamiso "Grad"

Bokhoni le entsprechen ea tsamaiso ba fuoa bakeng sa BM-21.

• Cheisi - Ural-375.
• Engine Power - 180 k. e.
• Litekanyo, limithara:
  - bophara - 2,4;
  - Length - 7,35;
  - palo e kahodimodimo bophahamo - 4,35.
• Weight, lithane tse:
  - le likhetla - 13,7;
  - uncharged BM - 10,9.
• Lebelo palo e kahodimodimo ho tsamaea, km SE / h - 75.
• Liqhomane, likoto. - 120 rockets.
• Caliber limilimithara - 122.
• Lethopa sebakeng, ly:
  - dithekeniki 1,75;
  - manpower 2,44.
• Bolelele ba tataiso, m - 3.
• Palo ea masupatsela bakoang, likhomphutha. - 40.
• Feletseng salvo nako, ka - 20.
• A betsa mengata e fapaneng, limithara:
  - ho palo e kahodimodimo - 20 380;
  - bonyane - le 5000.
• ho ipehela nako e ka a betsa boemo mets. - 3,5.

Kajeno MLRS hlahisoang ke JSC "MZ". Base emela koloi "Ural-4320". The disampole le lecha hlahiswa ikemetseng ponagalo ya naga sebaka, di behilwe ka elektroniki mapa seta sebaka, matla a ho kena ya data ka tsoaka le.

Ke batla ho lumela le ho tšepa hore ho hlongoa "Grad" (litšobotsi tse, sebopeho, Mokhoa oa tshebetso) e ne e hlokahala le e thahasellisang ho isa molokong o mong e monyenyane ka disampole bakeng sa ho etsa lipatlisiso, empa eseng ka lebaka la ho timetsoa ha metse le qetello ea batho e!