Alkanes: lik'hemik'hale Properties

Phelelang hydrocarbons kapa paraffins, biosoedineniya ba elang limolek'hule bao ba liathomo k'habone li amana e bonolo (le 'ngoe) le tlamahano le diyuniti tse ling tsohle valences ba phelelang ho ka liathomo hydrogen.

Alkanes: thepa ea 'meleng

Baemeli ba pele ba ho homologous series ea methane e - likhase tloha S5N12 ho S15N32 - mokelikeli, kaha S16N34 --butle. Le eketsa palo ea liathomo k'habone ka molek'hule alkane tlhaho eketsa qhibilihang le belisoe bona lintlha tse itseng.

Tlaase hydrocarbons belang ka ketane se makala a e haholo ka tlaase ho bapisoa ho ntlha e belang la isomers bona. Methane e le hlahisoang moo ethane ke odorless, ho hloka botsitso mokelikeli hydrocarbons ke peterole monko (pentane le hexane) le parafine, homologs phahame hoo na methane e. Phelelang hydrocarbons ke bobebe ho feta metsi a, 'me hoo e batlang e insoluble ka eona. Phelelang hydrocarbons ke hang-hang qhibilihang ka har'a ka solvents manyolo, 'me alkanes mokelikeli ho bona ka bobona ba solvents babatsehang.

Alkanes: lik'hemik'hale Properties

Tsena biosoedineny tšoauoa ka reactivity tlaase. Ba inert, hore o bonahala ka sehlooho bona - paraffins. Sena ke hobane ka sebopeho sa limolek'hule tsa C le H liathomo amahanngoa Sigma litlamo. The lik'hemik'hale inertness ya dintho tsena ka lebaka la ho makgetheng bona limolek'hule mehaho. E le hore a robe Sigma tlamo e, o lokela ho qeta e ngata matla. Basic lik'hemik'hale. thepa ya alkanes, ke hore, liphetoho tseo ba kena, nitration ena itšoara joang, halogenation, sulfonation, sulfochlorination, ho petsoha. Alkane khōlō liphetoho qadile ke radicals, UV kapa mahlaseli a sa gamma, peroxides, futhumatsang. Tabeng ena, ba ile ba ba tšoauoa ka mefuta e 'meli ea liphetoho: ya Phetolo ya hydrogen le mabapi khefu "k'habone-hydrogen" le bokaholimo ba matsoele tsa molek'hule ka otlile ea C-C kapa C-H.

Alkanes: thepa ea lik'hemik'hale. Ba itšoara joang ea khōlō halogenation

itsoara joang ka hona ka linako tse ling o ile a bua metalepsiey. E ka baka ke khanya ea letsatsi. The lefifi ka 250-400 ° C kapa ho ba teng ha ho etswa ha (chloride koporo, koporo chloride, thini) halogen liathomo sequentially liathomo le hydrogen ka limolek'hule tsa alkanes.

Alkanes: thepa ea lik'hemik'hale. nitration karabelong

Sehlopha nitro e habonolo ka go engwa legatong tsa hydrogen ka e phahameng, e mahareng boima le thata haholo ho liathomo k'habone mathomo. Joale indasteri tekanyo e nitration tsa alkanes o etsoang ho tsoa e mohato le khase ka 150-490 ° C le oxide e nitric kapa mouoane acid e nitric.

Alkanes: thepa ea lik'hemik'hale. Ba itšoara joang ea sulfochlorination

Ka hydrocarbons e ba phelelang ho ka motsoako oa dioxide e sebabole le chloride le. Etswa ha hangata e ba peroxides kapa UV mahlaseli. itšoara joang ena e sebelisoa ho hlahisa detergents maiketsetso (detergents). Ka alkilsulfohloridy ke alkalis e isang sebopeho sa letsoai alkaline ea acid sulphonic, metsoako e mehaho ea detergents (pastes, powders).

Phelelang hydrocarbons - boitsebiso e tala bakeng sa tswakana ya dintho tse sa tšoaneng manyolo. E le hore bakeng sa tswakana tsa ba bangata ba bona ke ba lokisetsa ho ea alkenes tloha alkanes, kapa hydrocarbons unsaturated.

Bokaholimo ba matsoele tsa hydrogen tloha e molek'hule alkane kapa dehydrogenation ka ho ba teng ha ho etswa ha le tlas'a futhumatsang (460 ° C) dumella ho fumana alkenes hlokahalang. Mekhoa ea ho kena moea oa alkanes ka thempereichara e tlaase ka ho ba teng ha ho etswa ha (magnesium letsoai). Sena se nolofalletsa tšusumetso targeted ka itšoara joang le ho fumana lihlahisoa hlokahalang tsa ho kena moea ka tshebetso ya ho tswakana lik'hemik'hale. Ka mohlala, ka ho kena moea oa alkanes e phahameng o ile a fumana alcohols a sa tšoaneng e phahameng kapa mafura acid e phahameng.

Alkanes bokaholimo ba matsoele hape le hlaha ka maemo a tse ling tse (tukang, ho petsoha). Phelelang hydrocarbons chesa le putsoa lelakabe ho lokolloa bokae le leholo la mocheso. thepa tsena lumella ho li sebelisa e le mafura a phahameng-khalori ka lapeng le ho indasteri.